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CHEM 4825 final > Incretin, Cancer, Nutrition and Vitamins > Flashcards

Incretin, Cancer, Nutrition and Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Where are GLP-1 and GIP secreted?

A

Small intestine after a meal

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2
Q

What is the goal of GLP-1 and GIP?

A

Enhance the secretion of insulin from beta cells.

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3
Q

Why does oral glucose produce more insulin than IV glucose?

A

It is secreted after a meal and stimulates insulin secretion.

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4
Q

How do GLP-1 and GIP influence insulin production with different glucose administration routes?

A

GLP-1 and GIP enhance insulin secretion and increase insulin response seen with oral glucose less than IV glucose.

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5
Q

What is the Warburg effect?

A

Increased glycolysis in tumor cells, even in the presence of oxygen(aerobic )

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6
Q

How does glycolysis change in tumor cells?

A

Increased glycolysis, converting glucose into lactate even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, as opposed to oxidative phosphorylation in normal cells.

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7
Q

How do tumor cells adapt to hypoxia?

A

More glycolytic enzymes, low oxygen, upregulation of HIF-1 leading to hypoxia

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8
Q

Implications of the Warburg effect in cancer research?

A

a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

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9
Q

What is down-regulated in the Warburg effect?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

Which cellular components are affected by down-regulation in the Warburg effect?

A

Mitochondrial functions, contributing to the altered energy metabolism

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11
Q

Energy sources

A

Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein, and ethanol

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12
Q

What is in a diet?

A

Energy sources, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals

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13
Q

what has the same energy content as protein?

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

Dihydrofolate reductase is important in which pathways?

A

Nucleotide biosynthesis
Pentose phosphate pathway

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15
Q

methotrexate

A

it inhibits DHFR, disrupting nucleotide biosynthesis and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation

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16
Q

RDA?

A

Recommended Daily Allowance- one recommended value for each nutrient,

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17
Q

DRI?

A

lower limit and an upper limit for many nutrients.

18
Q

Consuming the _______ found in __________ is most strongly correlated with increased plasma cholesterol levels.

A

Fatty acids, butter

19
Q

soluble fiber

A

cannot be metabolized by human cells, but can be metabolized by our gut bacteria into fatty acids slowly

20
Q

insoluble fiber?

A

passes through gut
unmetabolized

21
Q

Are ω-6 fats good for you?

A

substitute for trans or saturated fats, associated with inflammation

22
Q

What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the US?

A

Vitamin D

23
Q

What do trans fatty acids do?

A

Increase LDL, decrease HDL, and incidence of coronary heart disease.

24
Q

What do saturated fatty acids do?

A

Increase LDL, low effect on HDL, incidence of coronary heart disease and colon cancer.

25
Q

monosaturated fatty acids

A

lowers LDL, maintains/increases HDL, and lowers the incidence of coronary heart disease.

26
Q

What is the glycemic index?

A

How quickly a carbohydrate-containing food raises blood glucose levels.

27
Q

Water Soluble vitamins

A

Vitamin C and B complexes

28
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A

A, D, K, E

29
Q

FOLIC ACID (B9)

what procecess does
it help with

A

DNA synthesis, cell division, and the formation of red blood cells.

30
Q

COBALAMIN (B12)

A

animal products or gut bacteria

31
Q

A vegetarian taking antibiotics should consider supplements of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin B12

32
Q

Ascorbic acid (VITAMIN C)

A

Reducing agent/antioxidant

33
Q

Pyridoxine (VITAMIN B6)

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP): Necessary
cofactor for aminotransferase and other enzymes involving amino acids

34
Q

Thiamine (VITAMIN B1)

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP):
Necessary cofactor for transketolases
(pentose phosphate pathway) and oxidative decarboxylation

35
Q

NIACIN (Vitamin B3)

A

nicotinamide, the “N” in NADH and NADPH

36
Q

Biotin vitamin B7

A

tight binding to the protein avidin
(strongest noncovalent
interaction

coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes

37
Q

Pantothenic Acid B5

A

component of acetyl-CoA

38
Q

Vitamin A

A

4 isomers, vision, growth, maintenance of epithelial cells, iso- acne

39
Q

Vitamin D

A

calcium syth

40
Q

Vitamin K

A

lipid-soluble quinone

41
Q

tocopherol/ Vitamin E

A

Lipid-soluble antioxidant/reducing agent

CHEM 4825 final (5 decks)

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