Incretin, Cancer, Nutrition and Vitamins

Question 1

Where are GLP-1 and GIP secreted?

Answer 1

Small intestine after a meal

Question 2

What is the goal of GLP-1 and GIP?

Answer 2

Enhance the secretion of insulin from beta cells.

Question 3

Why does oral glucose produce more insulin than IV glucose?

Answer 3

It is secreted after a meal and stimulates insulin secretion.

Question 4

How do GLP-1 and GIP influence insulin production with different glucose administration routes?

Answer 4

GLP-1 and GIP enhance insulin secretion and increase insulin response seen with oral glucose less than IV glucose.

Question 5

What is the Warburg effect?

Answer 5

Increased glycolysis in tumor cells, even in the presence of oxygen(aerobic )

Question 6

How does glycolysis change in tumor cells?

Answer 6

Increased glycolysis, converting glucose into lactate even in the presence of sufficient oxygen, as opposed to oxidative phosphorylation in normal cells.

Question 7

How do tumor cells adapt to hypoxia?

Answer 7

More glycolytic enzymes, low oxygen, upregulation of HIF-1 leading to hypoxia

Question 8

Implications of the Warburg effect in cancer research?

Answer 8

a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for cancer treatment.

Question 9

What is down-regulated in the Warburg effect?

Answer 9

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 10

Which cellular components are affected by down-regulation in the Warburg effect?

Answer 10

Mitochondrial functions, contributing to the altered energy metabolism

Question 11

Energy sources

Answer 11

Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein, and ethanol

Question 12

What is in a diet?

Answer 12

Energy sources, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals

Question 13

what has the same energy content as protein?

Answer 13

Carbohydrates

Question 14

Dihydrofolate reductase is important in which pathways?

Answer 14

Nucleotide biosynthesis
Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 15

methotrexate

Answer 15

it inhibits DHFR, disrupting nucleotide biosynthesis and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation

Question 16

RDA?

Answer 16

Recommended Daily Allowance- one recommended value for each nutrient,

Question 17

DRI?

Answer 17

lower limit and an upper limit for many nutrients.

Question 18

Consuming the _______ found in __________ is most strongly correlated with increased plasma cholesterol levels.

Answer 18

Fatty acids, butter

Question 19

soluble fiber

Answer 19

cannot be metabolized by human cells, but can be metabolized by our gut bacteria into fatty acids slowly

Question 20

insoluble fiber?

Answer 20

passes through gut
unmetabolized

Question 21

Are ω-6 fats good for you?

Answer 21

substitute for trans or saturated fats, associated with inflammation

Question 22

What is the most common vitamin deficiency in the US?

Answer 22

Vitamin D

Question 23

What do trans fatty acids do?

Answer 23

Increase LDL, decrease HDL, and incidence of coronary heart disease.

Question 24

What do saturated fatty acids do?

Answer 24

Increase LDL, low effect on HDL, incidence of coronary heart disease and colon cancer.

Question 25

monosaturated fatty acids

Answer 25

lowers LDL, maintains/increases HDL, and lowers the incidence of coronary heart disease.

Question 26

What is the glycemic index?

Answer 26

How quickly a carbohydrate-containing food raises blood glucose levels.

Question 27

Water Soluble vitamins

Answer 27

Vitamin C and B complexes

Question 28

Fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 28

A, D, K, E

Question 29

FOLIC ACID (B9) | what procecess does it help with

Answer 29

DNA synthesis, cell division, and the formation of red blood cells.

Question 30

COBALAMIN (B12)

Answer 30

animal products or gut bacteria

Question 31

A vegetarian taking antibiotics should consider supplements of which vitamin?

Answer 31

Vitamin B12

Question 32

Ascorbic acid (VITAMIN C)

Answer 32

Reducing agent/antioxidant

Question 33

Pyridoxine (VITAMIN B6)

Answer 33

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP): Necessary cofactor for aminotransferase and other enzymes involving amino acids

Question 34

Thiamine (VITAMIN B1)

Answer 34

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP): Necessary cofactor for transketolases (pentose phosphate pathway) and oxidative decarboxylation

Question 35

NIACIN (Vitamin B3)

Answer 35

nicotinamide, the “N” in NADH and NADPH

Question 36

Biotin vitamin B7

Answer 36

tight binding to the protein avidin (strongest noncovalent interaction | coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes

Question 37

Pantothenic Acid B5

Answer 37

component of acetyl-CoA

Question 38

Vitamin A

Answer 38

4 isomers, vision, growth, maintenance of epithelial cells, iso- acne

Question 39

Vitamin D

Answer 39

calcium syth

Question 40

Vitamin K

Answer 40

lipid-soluble quinone

Question 41

tocopherol/ Vitamin E

Answer 41

Lipid-soluble antioxidant/reducing agent