Inclusion and Exclusion

Question 1

Equality

Answer 1

Occurs when individuals and groups within a
society have the same chances of access to education, wealth,power, equal rights under the law, and so on. True social equalityoccurs when there is social mobility and access to opportunities andresources that are socially valued. True equality is often thought of as
an ideal, rather than an achievable reality.

Question 2

Ethnicity

Answer 2

An individual’s identification with, or sense of belonging to, anethnic group. This is based on perceived common origins that people share, such as a specific ancestry and culture, that mark them as different from others.

Question 3

Discrimination

Answer 3

Treating a person or group differently, often in a negative

manner, usually as a result of prejudice. Discrimination may also be positive, designed to redress perceived injustice.

Question 4

Human Rights

Answer 4

The social, civil and political rights accorded to individuals.
These include human rights – the fundamental rights that individuals should have as humans, such as the right to life, equality before the law, education and freedom
of belief.

Question 5

Life-Course

Answer 5

A culturally defined sequence of age categories through which people are usually expected to pass as they progress from birth to death.

Question 6

Prejudice

Answer 6

The attitude, usually negative, that involves prejudgements or preconceived ideas, negative feelings and stereotyped beliefs held towards a whole group or its individual members.

Question 7

Race

Answer 7

A social construction, the members of which are treated as distinct or different on the basis of certain characteristics, some biological, that have been assigned a social value by others – for example, skin colour or other physical characteristics.

Question 8

Social Class

Answer 8

Those members of a society who occupy a similar position in the economic system of production. The different social classes experience wide variations in wealth, status, material possessions, education, power and authority.
The hierarchical nature of the class system is expressed in labels such as ‘upper class’, ‘middle class’, ‘lower middle class’ and ‘working class’. While the division of society
into a series of social classes is a form of social stratification, social mobility is possible.

Question 9

Social Differentiation

Answer 9

As society becomes more complex, differences
between groups are used to distinguish between them. These differences may be based on biological or physiological differences, such as gender or ethnicity, or
sociocultural differences, such as class and status. These criteria divide society into social groups on the basis of perceived differences between groups.

Question 10

Social Mobility

Answer 10

The ability of individuals and groups to move vertically within a social hierarchy with changes in income, occupation and other factors.

Question 11

Socioeconomic Status

Answer 11

A measure of an individual’s class standing, typically indicated by income, occupational prestige, educational
attainment and wealth.