Incidental Additives Flashcards
What are some examples for the control of weeds
herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, nematocides
What are categories of pesticides?
Oragnochloride (fat soluble)
Carbamates (fat soluble)
Organophosphate
What are some benefit sof pesticides?
- Reduced food loses
- increase yeild quantity and quality
- food costs are lowered
- incr profit for farmers
Disadvantges
- production costs
- health
- environment
Location of pesticides in the environment?
Fish/shellfish
grain, nuts, vegetables, fruit
dairy, meat
What are the harmful effects of organochlorines?
CNS, GI disorders, headaches, convulsions, paralysis
What are the harmful effects of carbamates?
Acetylcholinesterase inhibition
What are the harmful effects of Organophosphates?
acetylcholinesterase inhibition, affects CNS–> GI disorders, headaches, convulsions, paralysis
What are the characteristics of PCBs?
Most durable organic materials. Components of industrial products, insulators, transformers, plastics
What are harmful effects of PCBs?
Believed to cuase GI disorders, organ (liver) damage.
Accumulate in fatty tissue of mammals
Chracteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Prevalent in atmosphere- woodsmoke, autoemissions.
Widespread in foods like bbq, charcoal broiled foods, dairy (cheese), fish, wildlife
Types of food contributed to group of additives depends on quantity of food product consumed - varies place to place
What are the adverse effects of PAH?
Similar to PCBs - GI, organ/tissue damage, tumor incidence
Characteristics of Antibiotics
Compounds that act to control growth and metabolism of MO
Whereare antibiotics produced?
1) Naturally present in food ( aminoglycosides)
2) Produced in food during processing (penicillium, nisin)
3) Administered to food animals either to treat disease or prevent onset
What is a problem with antibiotic use?
Antibiotic resistance in humans remain concern
What are Mycotoxins? Most common?
Fungal toxins. Aflatoxin best known in improperly dried grains/cereal
- aspergillus flavus/parasiticus destroyed by heat rocessing if present
What are the harmful effects of Mycotoxins?
Carcinogenic
What are Heavy Metals?
Metals with relatively high densities (5g/ml) and higer atomic numbers
Common examples: known to be harmful : Pb, Cd,As, Hg, Cr, Cd
How to Heavy Metals work?
Act by binding to SH groups in various enzymes in inactivate those enzymes - metabolic processes are impaired and this manifests in various disorders
What are the harmful effects of heavy metals?
inactivate enzyme and result in various disorders : GI , headache
What is Asbestos
Refers to group of silicate minerals.Are durable and inert and insulating properties
Used extensively as filters in brewing industry to exhale yeast cells
Insulation build up materials
Pipes - water transport system
Where is asbestos banned?
Canada, UK. Aus, NZ
Not banned in US, Vietnam, Russia
What is Asbestos linked to cause?
Cancer
What is Radioactive Fallout
Due to radioisotopes produced form nuclear fission. Thus predominant in environment where nuclear accidents testing locations
What are the harmful effects of radioisotopes?
Absorbed through the skin (human, animal) to pose radiation hazard - damage to biological molecular (nucleic acid)
What is Scombroid toxin?
Commonly found in cold fleshed fish like tuna, mackarel, anchoives
Esepcially in the summer months
What produces the scombroid toxin?
BActeria naturally present in species release the enzyme histidine decarboxylase to cause decarboxylation of histidine to form histamine
Harmful effects of scombroid toxin
high levels of histamine in fish flesh = rashes, nausea, headaches, GI
What is Ciguatera Toxin
Microorganisms (dinoflagellate algae) produce ciguatera toxins in fish of tropical fish species in coral reefs
Can you destroy ciguatera toxin with heat?
No, it is fat soluble and not destroyed with cooking
What are the health problems with the toxin?
similar to scombroid
