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Anthropological Archaeology 284 > Inca > Flashcards

Inca Flashcards

1
Q

What were the 4 Andean geographical regions?

A

Costa, Sierra, Puna, Selva

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2
Q

What do sites like Huaca Prieta and Ancón tell us about coastal subsistence?

A

They were very dependent on the high concentration of fish and shellfish on the coast. At these sites they found large quantities of shells.

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3
Q

Agriculture in the coastal zone produced cotton and gourds. What were these products used for?

A

Cotton was used for fishing nets, while gourds were used as containers

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4
Q

Corn was carried to the coast from the highlands by llama caravans and transformed into:

A

Chicha

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5
Q

What kinds of ceremonial architecture were constructed on the coast of Peru during the Archaic?

A

They practiced rituals in circular sunken courts, at men’s houses and pyramidal mounds

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6
Q

What crops were grown agriculturally in the highlands?

A

Cotton, quinoa and potatoes

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7
Q

What were llamas domesticated for?

A

They were used as beasts of burden

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8
Q

What were alpacas domesticated for?

A

They provided incredibly soft wool

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9
Q

What was the Quechua name for Guinea Pigs?

A

Cuycuy

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10
Q

What were the two types of wild camelid species?

A

Guanaco and Vicuña

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11
Q

What kind of deer species existed in the Andes?

A

Huemal deer (taruka)

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12
Q

What are pachamancas?

A

Earth ovens used for cooking in the Archaic period

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13
Q

Men’s houses at La Galgada were later covered by what?

A

They were covered with elevated temples that were the focus of large, public rituals integrating the whole community

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14
Q

What surrounded the main temples at the site of Cerro Sechín?

A

Stone carvings of victorious warriors and mutilated captives.

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15
Q

How did the builders of Cerro Sechín use natural topography to their advantage?

A

They built on a small natural hill/outcrop

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16
Q

Cerro Sechín eventually became part of a larger chiefdom, Sechín Alto. What kind of ceremonial architecture did this larger chiefdom include?

A

Platforms, pyramids, and circular sunken courts

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17
Q

What was advantageous about Chavín de Huántar’s particular location?

A

They were located on a route from the coast to the jungle, so llama caravan traffic went through their site

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18
Q

Iconography on stone stelae and pottery at Chavin de Huántar feature what animals?

A

Jaguars, caymans, serpents, condors, and eagles. Really any animal that was seen as a great fighter

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19
Q

What sumptuary goods were found at Chavín de Huántar?

A

Gold, silver and copper

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20
Q

How do these items in Peru compare to sumptuary goods in Mexico?

A

They did not have jade in Peru

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21
Q

What lead to the formation of the Moche state?

A

Conflict between coastal groups and highland invaders

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22
Q

Where did the Moche state arise?

A

The Moche Valley

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23
Q

After state formation, where did the Moche expand?

A

They expanded up the northern coast

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24
Q

What were the names of the two pyramids at the Moche State?

A

Huacas del Sol and Huacas de la Luna

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25
Q

What were the pyramids at the Moche State made of?

A

Adobe bricks

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26
Q

What tells us that organized labor gangs (corvée labor) built the pyramids at the Capital of the Moche State?

A

Each adobe brick had a distinctive makers mark

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27
Q

Who and what was buried with a Moche ruler at the Royal Tombs of Sipán?

A

Royal family members, perhaps a ruler’s wife and people sacrificed at the ruler’s funeral. They were also buried with fine-line ceramics and sumptuary goods

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28
Q

What were ruler’s coffins at the Royal Tombs of Sipán made of?

A

Wood

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29
Q

Who was buried at San José de Moro?

A

The priestesses of Moro

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30
Q

What do we learn about Moche ceremonies from tombs at San José de Moro?

A

They used a goblet to collect blood used in ritualistic bloodletting. This goblet was buried with the priestess

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31
Q

Where else do we see representations of Moche ceremonies?

A

Fine-line ceramics

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32
Q

What evidence is there for specialized craft production?

A

We can see the specialization in the elaborate fine-line ceramics, gold and silver with turquoise inlays, and textiles

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33
Q

When did the Moche State exist?

A

AD 200 - 800

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34
Q

When did Formative Chiefdoms exist?

A

1600 - 200 BC

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35
Q

When was the Archaic Period?

A

8000 - 1800 BC

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36
Q

Where did the Wari State originate? Where did it expand?

A

It originated in Peru, spreading out north of Lake Titicaca

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37
Q

The Wari capital included rectangular compounds that may have housed ____

A

Ayllus

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38
Q

Agricultural terraces and irrigation canals surrounded the capital to intensify production of what crop? Why?

A

Corn to grow for chicha

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39
Q

Wari buildings at the capital and in the provinces were built with ____ laborers (labor tribute)

A

Mit’a

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40
Q

The Wari were the first to use ____ (knotted cords to keep count of items)

A

Quipu

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41
Q

Where did the the Tiwanaku State originate? Where did it expand?

A

It originated in Bolivia, spreading out south of Lake Titicaca

42
Q

Describe the characteristic architectural style developed by Tiwanaku

A

They used stones that were very tightly fitted together with required no mortar

43
Q

How could you characterize the relationship between Tiwanaku and Wari?

A

They had a diplomatic relationship, like that of Monte Alban and Teotihuacan in Mexico

44
Q

What is monument capture and what did it symbolize?

A

It was taking monuments from other sites that Tiwanaku had captured, and erecting them at Tiwanaku to symbolize the conquest of these other areas

45
Q

What did the Inca adopted that originally came from the Wari?

A

Allyu, agriculture terraces, mit’a (which may have dated back to the Moche) and quipu

46
Q

What did the Inca adopted that originally came from the Tiwanaku?

A

Tight-fitting stone architecture and monument capture

47
Q

What did the Inca adopted that originally came from both the Wari and Tiwanaku?

A

Imperial roads, large feasts involving chicha drinking

48
Q

What was the Chimu capital?

A

Chan Chan

49
Q

What Chimu practice dictated that the heir of to the throne had to build his own palace and conquer his own territory after the death of a ruler

A

Split inheritance

50
Q

What are audiencias?

A

Chimu administrative offices: u-shaped structures were manned by officials who kept track of the comings-and-goings of traders and other people at royal compounds

51
Q

When were the Chimu conquered? By whom?

A

AD 1450-1470 by the Inca Empire

52
Q

At Cerro Azul, where did elites live?

A

Ciudadelas

53
Q

Where did commoners live?

A

In wattle and daub houses

54
Q

Like most other ancient Andean people, the people at Cerro Azul consumed chicha. In an elite residence at the site, Dr. Marcus and Dr. Flannery found a ___

A

giant brewery for chicha

55
Q

When did the Inca empire first arise? Where?

A

The Andean Highlands between AD 1000-1400

56
Q

What was the capital of the Inca empire?

A

Cuzco

57
Q

What did the Inca name their empire? What did it mean?

A

They called it Tawantinsuyu, meaning “the four regions”

58
Q

What was the largest empire in the Americas?

A

The Inca Empire

59
Q

Who were the mamakuna?

A

Women labor class

60
Q

Who were the yanakuna?

A

Men labor class

61
Q

Who were the mitmaqkuna?

A

Communities/colonies of laborers

62
Q

How does the Inca economy differ significantly from that of the Aztec?

A

Unlike Mexican empires, the Inca wanted tribute in labor, not goods.

63
Q

What was the saqsayhuaman?

A

A fortress above Cuzco

64
Q

What was the huacapayta plaza?

A

A gathering place for harvest/planting ceremonies, display of captured monuments, etc

65
Q

What was Huanaco Pampa?

A

The Inca administrative center that was built from scratch with a massive plaza for assembling together large groups of diverse people for ceremonies and parties

66
Q

What does Machu Picchu literally mean

A

“Old Mountain”

67
Q

What were some of the honorific titles for the Inca emperor?

A

The Unique Inca, The Son of the Sun, The Lover of the Poor

68
Q

What are “ceque” lines?

A

Lines that marked pilgrimage routes radiating out from Cuzco

69
Q

Which appeared first on the Peruvian coast, pottery or ceremonial architecture?

A

Ceremonial architecture, in the form of circular sunken courtyards

70
Q

What was the role of corn in early Andean cultures?

A

It was used to make corn beer (chicha), but was not a staple food like it was in Mexico

71
Q

Name three animals that were domesticated in the Peruvian highlands

A

Llama, Alpaca, Guinea pig (Cuy)

72
Q

What did Cerro Sechín and Monte Albán in Mexico have in common?

A

They displayed carvings of mutilated captives, and they both used natural hills to increase the impression of monumentality

73
Q

At the highland site of La Galgada, white-plastered men’s houses were later replaced by temples on platforms. At what Central Mexican site did we see the same pattern?

A

San Jose Mogote (Valley of Oaxaca)

74
Q

At which chiefly site drew wealth from pilgrims to consult an oracle in order to finance their ceremonial architecture and art program?

A

Chavin de Huantar (Chavin). The rich art and architecture at Chavin featured fearsome predatory animals like caimans, harpy eagles, spiders, and jaguars

75
Q

What state was Cerro Bául a colony of?

A

It was a Wari Outpost

76
Q

Where was Cerro Bául located?

A

It was built on top of a mountain in the Moquegua valley

77
Q

What happened to Cerro Bául when it was abandoned?

A

Its occupants threw a large party then burned it to the ground

78
Q

This expansive empire arose in the Moche Valley, the same valley where the earlier Moche Culture originated

A

The Chimu

79
Q

What was commonly eaten by coastal Archaic people?

A

Fish, clam and mussels

80
Q

What was the name of the traditional clan-like Andean communities, which may originate with the Wari?

A

Ayllus

81
Q

How did armed conflict accompany the rise of the Moche State?

A

Coastal chiefdoms fought back against raiding and conquest from highlanders. These coastal people then conquered large areas along the north coast of Peru

82
Q

What are some qualities and features of Moche Rulers?

A

People were sacrificed and dismembered at rulers funerals

Rulers likely practiced polygamy

Rulers could be buried in (expensive) wooden coffins

Rulers are depicted in Moche art, such as finalize ceramics and portrait vessels

Rulers were buried with gold, silver, and copper ornaments, as well as ceramics, food and other offerings

83
Q

Why did the most ambitious irrigation project of the Chimu ultimately fail?

A

Earthquakes along the coast lead to continental uplift

84
Q

What site features elite burials accompanied by sacrificial victims, some dismembered, others possibly wives or family members?

A

The Royal Tombs of Sipan

85
Q

Name the Chimu institution that encouraged new rulers to conquer new territory when they assumed power

A 
Split inheritance
(The dead ruler's land and household still belonged to him and were maintained after his death. The new ruler had to conquer his own lands and build his own palace at the Chimu capital, Chan Chan)
86
Q

What Andean states had an analogous relationship to that between Monte Alban and Teotihuacan

A

Wari and Tiwanaku

87
Q

While Andeans polities lacked writing, the Wari introduce this counting/accounting tool, later used by the Inca

A

Quipu

88
Q

What architectural tradition did Tiwanaku contribute to the Inca?

A

Tight-fitting masonry (with no mortar)

89
Q

What is the only state we studied that originated in Bolivia, not Peru

A

Tiwanaku

90
Q

What is “monument capture”, and how was it used as political strategy by Tiwanaku?

A

To capture monuments from other sites, erect them at your capital, and whip them to symbolize the capture of your opponent

91
Q

What empire was larger (in geographic size) - The Aztec or the Inca?

A

Inca

92
Q

What is mit’a?

A

Labor tribute; it was used by the Inca and their predecessors, and may have originated with the Moche

93
Q

What Mexican culture that we studied also kept bundled remains of their rulers, like the Inca rulers?

A

The Aztec

94
Q

Which coastal empire did the Inca conquer around 1450

A

The Kingdom of Chimor/The Chimu

95
Q

What were some of the honorific titles given to the Inca emperor?

A

The Unique Inca, The Son of the Sun, The Lover of the Poor

96
Q

What were the 1st Gen States of Peru? Where were they located?

A

Moche - northern Peruvian coast (Moche Valley)

Nazca - souther Peruvian coast (Nasca Valley)

97
Q

What were the 2nd Gen States of Peru? Where were they located?

A

Wari (or Huari) - central Peruvian Highlands

Tiwanaku - Bolivia near Lake Titicaca

98
Q

What were the 3rd Gen States of Peru? Where were they located?

A

Chimú (or Chimor) - northern Peruvian coast (Moche Valley)

Huarco (or Guarco/Warku) - southern Peruvian coast (Cañete Valley)

99
Q

What is unique about the Huarco state?

A

It was the only non-expansionist state. They specialized in marine resources

100
Q

What was the 4th Gen State of Peru? Where were they located?

A

Inka (or Inca) - central Peruvian highlands (Cusco)

101
Q

What was the capital of the Huarco state?

A

Cerro Azul

102
Q

Where was Cerro Azul located?

A

In the Cañete valley next to a large bay and the Pacific Ocean

Anthropological Archaeology 284 (3 decks)

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