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Survey of Human Genetic Disorders First Half > Inborn Errors of Metabolism--Complex Molecules > Flashcards

Inborn Errors of Metabolism--Complex Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What does the peroxisome do?

A

Carry out oxidation reactions which result in break down of fatty acids.

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2
Q

What are the general features of peroxisomal disorders?

A

Elevated very long-chain fatty acids
Onset infant to adult
Dysmorphic features
Hypotonia
Liver disease
Seizures
Cognitive dysfunction

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3
Q

What are the genes that cause Zellweger syndrome?

A

PEX genes (AR); PEX1 most common

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4
Q

What is the blood test performed in Zellweger syndrome?

A

Very long-chain fatty acids

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5
Q

What are the features of Zellweger syndrome?

A

Feeding difficulties
Hepatosplenomegaly
Dysmorphic features
Hypotonia
Seizures
Cognitive dysfunction
*Chondrodysplasia punctata (stippling near the ends of the bones)

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6
Q

What is the gene responsible for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy?

A

ABCD1 (X-linked)

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7
Q

What are the features of X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (childhood onset)?

A

loss of vision
learning disabilities
dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
seizures
deafness
lack of coordination and balance
fatigue
intermittent vomiting
weight loss
lack of appetite
nausea
darkening of the skin
progressive dementia
muscle weakness
low blood glucose (blood sugar)
headaches in the morning

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8
Q

What are the features of X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (adult onset)?

A

Adrenomyeloneuropathy
-a stiff gait when walking and bladder and bowel dysfunction.

The adrenal glands often fail to produce enough steroid (cortisol) in people who have ALD, causing Addison’s disease.

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9
Q

What percentage of X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy is childhood onset?

A

1/3 (4-8 years)

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10
Q

What is the blood test for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy?

A

Very long-chain fatty acids

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11
Q

What is a therapy option for X-linked Adrenoleukodystrophy?

A

Stem cell transplant–before onset of symptoms

Is on NBS for that reason

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12
Q

What is the gene mutation in Gaucher?

A

GBA (AR)

Genotype/phenotype correlation

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13
Q

What is the enzyme deficient in Gaucher?

A

Glucocerebrosidase

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14
Q

What is the phenotype of Gaucher disease?

A

Splenomegaly (95%)
Hepatomegaly (87%)
Thrombocytopenia (50%)
Anemia (40%)
Bone marrow infiltration (38%)
Bone pain (27%)

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15
Q

What are the unique features of Gaucher disease Type I?

A

Bone disease
Hepatosplenomegaly
No CNS symptoms

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16
Q

What are the unique features of Gaucher disease Type 2?

A

CNS symptoms (seizures, brain damage), death by 4

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17
Q

What are the unique features of Gaucher disease Type 3?

A

CNS symptoms
Slower progression
Survival into 20-30s

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18
Q

What is the blood test for Gaucher disease?

A

Lyso-Gb1
Glucocerebrosidase enzyme testing

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19
Q

What is the treatment for Gaucher disease?

A

Enzyme replacement
Substrate reduction

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20
Q

What is the genetic cause of Fabry disease?

A

GLA (X-linked)

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21
Q

What is the phenotype of Fabry disease?

A

*Pain in the hands and feet
Tickling and prickling
Burning
Kidney disease
Abnormal heart rhythms
Heart enlargement
Increased stroke risk
*Sweating abnormalities
*Cataracts
*Angiokeratoma (looks like a dark red wart)

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22
Q

What enzyme is deficient in Fabry disease?

A

Alpha-galactosidase

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23
Q

What is the blood test in Fabry disease?

A

Lyso GL3
Enzyme

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24
Q

What is the therapy in Fabry disease?

A

Enzyme replacement (still some remaining organ damage)

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25
Q

What is the genetic cause of Pompe disease?

A

GAA (AR)

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26
Q

What is the phenotype of Pompe disease (infantile)?

A

*First few months of life

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (enlarged heart)
Skeletal muscle weakness (diaphragm and other breathing muscles)

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27
Q

What is the phenotype of Pompe disease (juvenile and late-onset)?

A

*Any age

Proximal limb weakness (shoulders and hips)
Progressive diaphragm weakness (Breathing difficulties)
*Heart NOT involved

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28
Q

What percentage of Pompe disease is juvenile/adult onset?

A

80%

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29
Q

What testing do you do for Pompe disease?

A

GAA gene testing

Hex4 in the urine
Enzyme testing

30
Q

What is the treatment for Pompe disease?

A

Enzyme replacement

31
Q

What is the phenotype of Niemann Pick C?

A

Childhood onset (~6 years)

Clumsiness of gait
Slurring of speech
Cataplexy (strong expression of emotion) causes sudden weakness and loss of control of body

Vertical gaze palsy (can’t move eyes up)
Liver disease
Lung disease
Progressive decline in cognitive function
Psychiatric symptoms

32
Q

What are the tests for Niemann-Pick Type C?

A

NPC1 and NPC2 gene testing

Oxysterols

33
Q

What is the treatment for Niemann-Pick Type C

A

Miglustat (oral drug, slows disease)

34
Q

What is the testing in Krabbe disease?

A

GALC gene

Psychosine

35
Q

What is the treatment of Krabbe disease?

A

Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (before 2 wks old)

Slows progression

36
Q

What is the phenotype of Krabbe disease?

A

Death before 2 years
Extreme irritability
Spasticity
Developmental delay

37
Q

What is the phenotype of Tay-Sachs Disease?

A

Regression
Seizures
*Cherry red spots
Death by 2 years

38
Q

What testing is performed in Tay-Sachs?

A

HEXA enzyme testing preferred
Urine oligosaccharides

HEXA gene testing

39
Q

What is the gene change in Sandhoff?

40
Q

What is the juvenile form of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses?

A

Batten disease

Many gene changes (CLN1, CLN2, CNL3, 4, 5…) (AR)

41
Q

What is the phenotype of Batten disease (juvenile form of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses)?

A

Progressive problems with vision, movement, and cognition

42
Q

What accumulates in mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)?

A

Excess glycosaminoglycans

GAGS collect in cells, blood, and connective tissues which affects appearance (progressively coarsening features, skeletal abnormalities) and organ function (enlarged organs)

43
Q

What is the phenotype in MPSI (Hurler syndrome)?

A

Most common MPS

Corneal clouding

Cognitive delay
Coarse facial features

44
Q

What is the gene change in MPSI (Hurler syndrome)?

45
Q

What is a distinctive phenotype in MPSII (Hunter syndrome)?

A

Progressive decline in cognitive function (late)

*No corneal clouding

46
Q

What is the gene change in MPSII (Hunter syndrome)?

A

IDS (X-linked)

47
Q

What is a distinctive phenotype in MPSIII (Sanfilippo syndrome)?

A

CNS and behavioral symptoms
Aggression
Autism
Social differences
Sleep and movement disorders
Hearing and vision problems
No cardiac anomalies

48
Q

What are the genes responsible for MPSIII (Sanfilippo syndrome)?

A

SGSH
NAGLU
HGSNAT
GNS

(AR)

49
Q

What is the distinct phenotype in MPSIV (Morquio syndrome)?

A

Short trunked dwarfism (significant skeletal problems)
Normal intelligence

50
Q

What are the gene changes in MPSIV (Morquio syndrome)?

A

GALNS
GLB1

(AR)

51
Q

What testing do you perform when you suspect a Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)?

A

Urine glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) (aka urine mucopolysaccarides)

Enzyme levels should be deficient

52
Q

What are the treatments for Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)?

A

Enzyme replacement (none for MPSIII)

MPSI – Stem cell transplant

53
Q

What are the general features of Glycogen Storage Disorders?

A

Enlarged liver
Hypoglycemia (within 3-4 hours)

Multiorgan involvement

54
Q

What is a distinctive finding in Glycogen Storage Disorder Type I?

A

Elevated lactate

55
Q

What do you give in Glycogen Storage Disorders to help with hypoglycemia?

A

Cornstarch (will increase the fasting period by a few hours)

IV glucose with illness

56
Q

What is the most common gene change in Glycogen Storage Disorders?

57
Q

What test do you perform with Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation?

A

N-glycans
O-glycans

(doesn’t tell you which protein is abnormal)

58
Q

What is the gene change in Smith-Lemli-Opitz?

A

DHCR7 (AR)

59
Q

What enzyme is deficient in Smith-Lemli-Opitz?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol reductase deficiency

60
Q

What is the phenotype of Smith-Lemli-Opitz?

A

Cognitive impairment
Growth restrictions
Distinctive features
*2-3 syndactyly
genital abnormalities (underdeveloped male genitalia)
Cardiac defects

61
Q

What do you test in Smith-Lemli-Opitz?

A

7-dehydrocholesterol (elevated)

62
Q

What genes cause Familial Hypercholesterolemia?

A

LDLR (most common)
APOB
PSCK9

63
Q

What are the findings with Familial Hypercholesterolemia?

A

Atherosclerotic plaque development
Xanthelasma around the eye (yellow fatty deposits)
Tendon Xanthomas (yellow fatty deposits)

64
Q

What is the genetic cause of Lysosomal Acid Lipase?

65
Q

What is the phenotype of Lysosomal Acid Lipase?

A

Significant liver damage from accumulation of cholesterol
High LDL –> atherosclerosis, heart attacks, stroke
Cells pick up cholesterol but can’t break it down

66
Q

What is the treatment of Lysosomal Acid Lipase?

A

Enzyme replacement therapy

67
Q

What is the gene change in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis?

68
Q

What is the phenotype of Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis?

A

Diarrhea in infancy
Cataracts in childhood
Xanthomas in young adult
Neurological dysfunction in adult

69
Q

What is the blood test for Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis?

A

Cholestanol

70
Q

What is the treatment in Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis?

A

Chenodeoxycholic acid

71
Q

What is Pseudodeficiency?

A

When an individual has markedly reduced enzyme activity but remains asymptomatic

Clan have phenotype/genotype correlation

72
Q

What are the disorders with Pseudodeficiency?

A

Fabry
Pompe
Krabbe
Tay-Sachs/Sandhoff/GM2
Metachromatic leukodystrophy

MPSI
MPSII

Survey of Human Genetic Disorders First Half (16 decks)

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