In Vivo Skills 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What does In Vivo mean?
A
- Performed or taking place in a living organism
- So rodents Or human trials etc
2
Q
What does Ex Vivo mean?
A
- That which takes place outside an organism
- E.g. organ bath experiments or brain slices
3
Q
What does In Vitro mean?
A
- Performed or taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism
4
Q
What is the base requirement for choice of species to test?
(law)
A
- Under Uk legislation we must use the lowest sentient being to address the question
5
Q
Give examples of more simple organisms and some pros/cons.
A
- Drosophilia,c elegans and Zebra fish
- Cheaper and quick to breed
- Can be good for fundamental questions
- Less neurons can allow us to see things more clearly
- However can’t study complex functions
6
Q
Why are Mice and Rats used?
A
- Mammalian nervous system
- Mice more common for genetic models
- Rats adv when size needed or for behaviour tests
7
Q
When do larger mammals get used?
A
- Sometimes necessary when brain needs to be more similar to a human.
- E.g. sheep have a folded cortex
8
Q
What is a Naive Rodent?
A
- No changes to the nervous system
- Used to understand the normal functioning of the nervous system
9
Q
What are Model Rodents?
A
- A representation of something (e.g. a disease)
- Often idealised or modified to make it conceptually easier to undertsand
10
Q
How many criteria are needed to be thought about in producing a model?
A
3
11
Q
What are the 3 criteria genrally taking into account in producing a model?
A
- Predictive validity
- Face validity
- Construct Validity
12
Q
What is Predictive Validity?
A
- Behaviour, performance in the test predicts performance in the condition being modeled
- Does it walk and talk like a duck?
13
Q
What is Face validity?
A
- Neurobiology, Phenomenological similarity
- Is it similar to how the disease develops in humans
- Hopefully similar
14
Q
What is construct Validity?
A
- Mechanisms, theoretical rationale
- Is the mechanism for development the same e.g. input gen mutation
- If you know mutation then should be construct valid.
15
Q
Problems with Validity?
And solutions.
A
- Very hard to get all 3 validities, may have 1 or 2
- Choose what’s most important to look at
- Mechanism or symptoms or overall effect
- E.g. may not show all symptoms of something but looking for a protein produced or not etc
16
Q
How are Rodent models created?
A
- Many ways depending on what is trying to be modelled
- Non-genetic methods
- Lesion brain areas (e.g. toxins, physical methods)
- Exposure to toxins or drugs
- Exposure to physical stimulus (e.g. pain, stress)
- Reducing blood flow to brain
- Genetic models
- Knock-out protein –to try to understand function, or role of
protein in a process - Introduce new or mutated protein
17
Q
DIagrams?
A
maybe
18
Q
How do Rodents model strokes?
A
- Rodents have similar vasculature to that of humans
- Large vessel occlusion is approximated with the middle cerebral artery occlusion
- 2 types of stroke-blocked or burst blood vessel
- Middle cerebral artery very commonly blocked
- Can block it with forceps etc or do an insertion
- With an insertion you can remove it to simulate blood clot.
19
Q
What is the animals act of 1986?
A
- Underlying Principle:
- Animals bred, supplied and used for scientific procedures are cared for in accordance with the best standards of modern animal husbandry.
20
Q
What is a procedure?
A
- Anything that might cause:
- Pain
- Distress
- Suffering
- Lasting harm
- (Anything that takes away from normal function and is governed under the legislation)
21
Q
What are the 3 Rs?
A
- Reduction, Refinement and replacement
- If you can do any of these things ^ instead of using animals you should.
- Should use minimum number of animals needed
- May need to use more than expected as better to answer question than waste lives on nothing
- If its possible to answer the question in another way then It is
22
Q
What is the Govts stance on animal research?
A
- We have legislated so experimentation is only permitted when there is no alternative research technique and the expected benefits outweigh any possible adverse effects.
23
Q
How are animal procedures licensed?
A
1.Certificate of designation(PCD)
-Authorises premises/establishment to do thing
2.AWERB
-Animal welfare and ethical review board
-Authorises need for project
3.Project licence (PPL)
-Authorises the need for project and each experimental technique
4.Personal Licence(PIL)
-Authorises the person conducting experiment.
No Research can be given a licence if there is a practical alternative to animal research.
24
Q
What is a project licence?
A
*Defines specific objectives
*Itemises the benefits
*Outlines the ‘Plan of Work’
*Details+justifiesthe experimental protocols
*Identifies the possible adverse effects
*Sets the severity limits for procedures and
the project
25
What are the severity limits?
* Mild-little harm to animal-1 injection etc
* Sub-threshold-genetic animal and no observable difference
* Moderate-some transient change to animal for small period of time but will be mitigated-e.g the one side parkinsons
* Severe-Pain models, significant compromise to animal welfare
Severe is very often not given and can be given based on how few animals reach that threshold
26
What is a personal licence?
* Personal Licence
*Requires appropriate prior education
(GCSE / A level / degree)
*Training course
Theoretical and practical skills taught and
examined
*Supervision from senior colleagues
27
What is the AWERB?
*Certificate Holder (Chair)
*Director of the Biomedical Services Unit
*Named Veterinary Surgeon
*Academic members of staff with experience
of biomedical research involving animals
*Academic members of staff not involved in
biomedical research involving animals
*Lay Members
28
What does an ethical review require?
*that all alternatives to the use of animals have been investigated before proposing the use of
animals for experimental research
*potential benefits of the research are justified against the likely cost to the animals; includes
justification of the choice of species and number of animals used
*all aspects of the care and use of animals follow accepted best practice guidelines
29
How do Human studies work?
Human studies
* Analysis of existing data or specimen
Observational studies
* risk factors, natural history, variations in disease progression or
disease treatment
Interventional Studies
* Clinical trials
Still need ethical approval
30
Clinical diagram picture.
vv
31
How does research get approval?
All studies which will involve people as participants need a research
ethics committee (REC) review
* rights, safety, dignity and wellbeing
* Review done by lead researchers University or NHS, some research
requires NHS REC approval (i.e. clinical trials of drugs)
Our Faculty's Research Ethics committee
* For work on healthy volunteers only
*maintain ethical standards of practice in research
*protect subjects of research from harm
*preserve the subjects' rights, welfare and dignity
32
Ethical approval for human studies check list.
All risks associated with the study must be considered and a course of action to mitigate against
them stated
All groups that might take part identified as well as those that cannot
Why do you want to do the study?
What will it show?
When will it happen? How frequently for how long?
Where will it happen?
How will it happen?
What will you tell volunteers?
How will they acknowledge consent?
How will data will acquired, analysed and stored?
Statistics and sample size
In clinical trials –a lot more in-depth!
33
MAybe stats stuff
??
