.In Tusculan DisputationsIII, what does Cicero describe as the “medical science for the mind,” and how does it differ from “medicine for the body”?

Question 1

.In Tusculan DisputationsIII, what does Cicero describe as the “medical science for the mind,” and how does it differ from “medicine for the body”?

Answer 1

medicine for the mind is philosophy

it differs from medicine for the body because you must look to others for healing of the mind

Question 2

In Tusculan Disputations III, how does Cicero characterize “emotions” like “pity, envy, elation, gladness, and so forth”?

Answer 2

calls them disorders of the mind

Question 3

In Tusculan DisputationsIII, does Cicero say a “wise person” would experience such emotions? Why?

Answer 3

No, a wise person wouldn’t experience such emotions because they would be apathetic, which is what makes them wise.

Question 4

.In Tusculan DisputationsIII, what is Cicero’s prescription for dealing with emotions? What is the connection to happiness?

Answer 4

His prescription is to change his beliefs. To change beliefs he turns to philosophy to make his soul healthy. Healthy = happy soul

Question 5

n ConsolationI, What is Lady Philosophy’s diagnosis of Boethius’ condition? What treatment does she prescribe?

Answer 5

diagnosis he’s forgotten who he is

persecribes philosophy

Question 6

In ConsolationII.1-2, What is the “wheel of Fortune” and what does it imply for those who seekher?

Answer 6

The “Wheel of Fortune” is change, and those who seek her just have to accept her. They get what they get, and they can’t get upset.

Question 7

.In ConsolationII.8, why does Lady Philosophy say that Fortune is not always bad? Under which circumstances does she think Fortune is actually good for us?

Answer 7

Lady Philosophy says that fortune isn’t always bad because she also gives as much as she takes. Fortune is actually good for us because it can correct punishes and gives

Question 8

hat does Lady Philosophy say is her aim/goal (i.e., the aim of philosophy)? What is Lady Philosophy’s method for attaining that goal?

Answer 8

goal = help him find hapiness happiness, method = philosophy, then go through the five false goods (wealth, fame, power, pleasure, and office) and find their errors, which leads to true happiness.

Question 9

what argument is given to show that wealthcannot be or lead to true happiness? Why does she say that wealth actually provides the reverse of what it promised?

Answer 9

Wealth cannot be or lead to true happiness because it’s unsatisfiable. bring hapiness no more want but never satisfies. So, it actually works in reverse causing people to never be satisfied

Question 10

In ConsolationIII.8, all five false goods (from chapters 3-7) are considered and criticized as one. What is their common failure?

Answer 10

The five false goods have a common failure that they don’t deliver what they’re supposed to deliver. It’s thought that they can lead a person to happiness, but they don’t.

Question 11

what two related philosophical problems does Boethius pose?Explain them.

Answer 11

The two related philosophical problems that Boethius poses are the problem of evil and the problem of desert.

The problem of evil is: How does evil exist? Where does it come from?

The problem of Desert is: People don’t get what they actually deserve. Good people are punished, and bad people are rewarded.

Question 12

In Consolation IV.3, what are the effects on human nature of pursuing virtue or vice?

Answer 12

In Consolation IV.3, what are the effects on human nature of pursuing virtue or vice?

Question 13

In Consolation IV.4, according to Lady Philosophy, who is most harmed when an injustice is committed? How ought we respond to those who commit injustice?

Answer 13

When an injustice is committed, the person who committed the crime/injustice is most harmed than the victim. According to Lady Philosophy, we ought to respond to those who commit injustice with compassion because they are sick in the soul.

Question 14

In Consolation V.1, how is “chance” defined? Does “chance” exist? [NB: there are TWO different definitions given -you need to present both definitions]

Answer 14

Non-existent: Random things that happen out of nowhere. Uncaused = doesn’t exist

Existent: Coincidences. Things that happen with an unexpected outcome. It exists because it’s caused

Question 15

.In ConsolationV.3, what problem for morality (i.e., for judging right and wrong, good and bad) does Boethius see arising out of the doctrine of divine foreknowledge?

Answer 15

Morality is tied to the will, meaning that free will is associated with morality.

The problem with this and foreknowledge is that if foreknowledge exists, there is no free will.

Question 16

.In ConsolationV.6, explain the two kinds of necessity enumerated by Lady Philosophy. If divine foreknowledge is assumed, is there a sense in which future events are necessary, and if so, what kind of necessity is involved? How is this distinction about necessity along with the discussion about eternity supposed to preserve human freedom?

Answer 16

The two kinds of necessity enumerated by Lady Philosophy are absolute and conditional. If divine foreknowledge is assumed, future events aren’t necessary because everything would be predestined.

The only way to solve this is god being outside of time, which would put the conditional necessity in play which is the knowledge dependent on the actions. So, this preserves human freedom because we still have free will, because God’s present is time all at once.

Question 17

In the first meditation, what are the stages of doubt through which Descartes passes?

Answer 17

senses dream evil demon

Question 18

n the first meditation, what sorts of beliefs would seem to survive the Dream Argument as indubitable?

Answer 18

math

Question 19

n the second meditation, what object does the meditator focus on? How does he distinguish the accidental properties of the thing (the way it appears) from its essential properties (what it is)?

Answer 19

Beeswax is the object the meditator focuses on. He notices isn’t shape, size, dimensions. The accidental properties are those that the senses pick up which are it’s smell, taste, color. The essential properties are those that could be measured in geometry like weight, size, dimension.

Question 20

mark of certain knowledge

Answer 20

whatever is clearly and distinctly perceived.

Question 21

In the third meditation, what three sources of ideas does Descartes distinguish?

Answer 21

1. Adventitious/ from outside
2. Invented by me
3. Innate/ inborn

Question 22

In the third meditation, why does Descartes believe that the questions of God’s existence and nature must be resolved before one can be certain of anything (other than that what he knows in Meds I & II)?

Answer 22

Descartes believes that the questions of God’s existence and nature must be resolved before one can be certain of anything because he needs to prove his evil demon hypothesis wrong, so that he’s able to use reason.

Question 23

In the third meditation, what are Descartes’ two arguments for God’s existence? Be able to explain them.

Answer 23

He finite substance, and finite substances cannot produce objective reality.

He is a finite substance that has to come from infinite substance. Therefore, infinite substance must exist

Question 24

god deciever

Answer 24

deciever = not perfect
will to decieve = malicious evil
god gave us judgement capability to make no mistakes

Question 25

In the fourth meditation, ifGod is not a deceiver, how is it possible for human beings tomakecognitive errors (i.e., what causes our errors)

Answer 25

we are not meant to be perfect

Question 26

do our errors threat god

Answer 26

Our errors don’t pose a threat to God’s goodness because we are imperfect beings that have an infinite will.

Question 27

In the fourth meditation, according to Descartes, what do we have to do in order to avoid error?

Answer 27

n order to avoid error, we should believe based on our intellect. Also, use our senses and our reasoning as long as things are clear and distinct.

Question 28

ontological

Answer 28

Descartes’ ontological argument for God’s existence is God exists because it’s impossible for him not to exist.

Descartes finds a contradiction that God’s perfection involves existence, so being non-existing is an imperfection. The contradiction is that God is perfect, so the imperfection of his non-existence doesn’t follow that rule of perfection.