In-Class Exam Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Offender Criminal Profiling - Definition
A
- process of using all available information about a crime, crime scene, and victim in order to compose a profile of an unknown perpetrator (Ainsworth, 2001)
- investigative tool used to identify likely subjects and patterns
- FBI (USA) method: clinical and psychological method that tries to get inside the mind of a criminal vs. British method: statistical and probabilistic
2
Q
Offender Criminal Profiling - Critique
A
Educated guesswork (specifically USA method) that relies on instincts and street smarts. Different people may read a crime scene differently and pick up on various key aspects. Leaves room for too much subjectivity and bias
3
Q
Offender Criminal Profiling - Citation
A
Ainsworth, 2001
4
Q
Psychopath - Definition
A
- combination of affective, interpersonal, and behavioral characteristics, including egocentricity, impulsivity, shallow emotions, lack of empathy and guilt, pathological lying, etc. (Hare, 2003)
- born not made, don’t know the distinction between right and wrong and use charm, manipulation, etc. to satisfy their own selfish needs (Pakes and Winstone)
- violent psychopathy in youth is associated with structural and functional damage to the orbital cortex (Fallon, 2006)
5
Q
Psychopath - Critique
A
- the Bob Hare Checklist (heavily relied on to diagnose psychopathy) could lead to over-identification of individuals
- the Bob Hare Checklist is pretty arbitrary because it’s based on scoring a 30 or above, if you score a 29 are you not a psychopath, if you score a 32 are you more of a psychopath than a 30? (Ronson, 2011)
6
Q
Psychopath - Citation
A
- Hare, 2003
- Pakes and Winstone ????
- Fallon, 2006
- Ronson, 2011 [CRITIQUE]
7
Q
Sociopath - Defintion
A
- product of environment (poor socialization and harsh childhood experiences), criminal by definition
- know the difference between right and wrong but do not care (Sutker & Allain, 2001)
8
Q
Sociopath - Critique
A
- psychopath, sociopath, and ASPD are used interchangeable but the distinction is very important for determining motives and treatment plans
9
Q
Sociopath - Citation
A
- Sutker & Allain, 2001
10
Q
False Memories - Definition
A
- Neo-Freudians say that they’re a coping mechanism that falls under the broader category of denial, when someone has experienced an event that’s too traumatic, they replace the actual memory with a false memory or ‘screen memory’ because actual recollection is too painful (Niemiec, 2016)
- manifestation of a defense mechanism to prevent the individual from truly remembering or confronting trauma
11
Q
False Memories - Critique
A
- recognition of actual memories often arrises during psychotherapy sessions (Recovered Memory Therapy) but there is the controversy that some psychotherapists planted false memories in their patient’s heads and this lead to lawsuits in the USA (Whitifield, 2001)
12
Q
False Memories - Citations
A
- Niemiec, 2016
- Whitifield, 2001 [CRITIQUE]
13
Q
Finkelhor’s Model of Sexual Abuse - Definition
A
- focused on causal factors underlying motives for childhood sexual abuse
- the 4 preconditions are motivation to abuse, removing internal inhibitors, overcoming external inhibitors and obstacles, and overcoming resistance from the community (parents and children) (Ward 2001)
14
Q
Finkelhor’s Model of Sexual Abuse - Critique
A
- model has ben tested and has produced some empirical evidence but it is mostly fragmental (evidence for each precondition but not the model as a sequential whole)
- the model is vague, contains overlapping constructs, and factors that require teasing apart and clarification. It also fails to highlight a structure that informs treatment (Ward & Hudson, 2008)
15
Q
Finkelhor’s Model of Sexual Abuse - Citation
A
- Ward, 2001
- Ward & Hudson, 2008 [CRITIQUE]
16
Q
Stalking - Definition
A
- pattern of intrusive behavior akin to harassment, includes implicit or explicit threats, as a result target feels considerable fear
- the willful, malicious, and repeated following or harassing of another person that threatens his or her safety (Meloy & Gothard, 1995)
17
Q
Stalking - Critique
A
- definitional issues make it hard to classify and research (are you being stalked if you don’t know you are?), statistics are therefore skewed
- definitional issues on stalking vs. harassment
- different researchers define it differently, can’t compare their research or rely on it in practice
18
Q
Stalking - Citations
A
- Meloy & Gothard, 1995
19
Q
Protection from Harassment Act 1997 - Definition
A
- covers a wide range of conduct including harassment, stalking, and some forms of antisocial behavior and protest
- adds civil court injunctions in harassment cases and possibility of awarding damages
- offers greater protection than the previous law since there’s no need to prove intent, but the penalties are considerable (Harris, 2000)
20
Q
Protection from Harassment Act 1997 - Critique
A
- act is too broad and there are very high penalties that can be assigned through negligence; there’s no need to prove intent so there’s room for wrongful accusations
21
Q
Protection from Harassment Act 1997 - Citation
A
- Harris, 2000
22
Q
The Rape Myth - Definition
A
- any prejudicial, stereotyped, or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists (Burt 1980)
- ex: yes means no, rape only happens to women, victim was asking for it, etc.
- acceptance of rape myths is positively correlated with attitudes such as sex role stereotyping, adversarial sexual beliefs, sexual conservatism, and acceptance of interpersonal violence
23
Q
The Rape Myth - Critique
A
- acceptance by law enforcement and in the judicial system (using Statement Validity Analysis or rape myths in court by defense to try to discredit/delegitimize the victim)
24
Q
The Rape Myth - Citation
A
- Burt, 1980
