In-Class Essay 1 Flashcards
globalization
increasing interdependence of global economy, flow of info and culture between and among regions of world
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
basic explanation as to why Portuguese and Spaniards expand in different sides of the world with little overlap; east = commerce, west = conquest
Conquistadors
Spanish men looking for gold or silver because it was only thing worth taking over sea, not all Spaniard some sub-saharan
Mexica Empire
(Aztecs, nahuatl) had been expanding for years through spectacular violence; human sacrifice as religious and performative thing, super powerful
Tenochtitlan
had Tenochtitlan, a man-made floating city that had Tlateloco market, highly regulated and advanced, many things to trade in market
Tlaxcala
land of tortillas, agricultural richness, nahuatl, right in the middle of Mexica land. They were not able to conquer them, so they had different set of rules. Tlaxcala did not send sacrifice victims and did not pay taxes. Instead, they competed in an event called Flower Boards every few years (could have been sport or battle to death, undetermined).
Hernán Cortés (c. 1485-1547)
Spanish conquistador looking for gold, god, and glory. joins tlaxcalas to take over tenochtitlan with spectacular violence, had translator malinche
Batavia
discovered to be own continent, but should it be mentioned if there is no human history?
Eurasia
one bing continent, why divide into two?
Tonga
latest in side of IDL
The Guia
very big diverse ship from Portugal but thought they were pirates so attacked in Macao
Kamchatka
Russian peninsula reaching to Americas, have similar indigenous practices because of fish so wildlife have affect on history
Limoges
sad remote place had world knowledge because of connections and info spreading
Christopher Columbus
from Genoa, agent for merchants and maritime trading, moved to Spain to convince exploration, changed names/identities, he believed he was savior that would bring apocalypse; thought world was pear shaped and smaller than most, caught attention of Ferd and Isabella and not Portugal bc they already had the technology and smarter than him; arrested for lying abt getting to asia
Genoa
italy before it existed
Ottoman Empire
was blocking heart of mediterranean, take over mamluk
Mamluk Sultanate
state that ruled levant, egypt, jersualem, etc. in Mediterranean so would only let Muslims, causing Christians to sail around
Macaronesia
canary islands, to the left of Fez/Morocco
Ferdinand and Isabella
Spanish monarchs, late 15th c, needed money bc of expensive agenda of Reconquista, Christian agenda, and holy crusades to take holy land from Jewish and Muslims
Hispaniola
took 1/4 of spanish budget and got there w 3 ships, met taino people there aka cuba
Taino
ppl wore gold jewelry, they thought they could be subservient, took parrots and gold but when returned the Spanish left there had been killed (were dependent on them for survival)
Vasco da Gama
dedicated crusader who wanted to capture jerusalem, got to calicut by going around African coast in 6 month journey
Swahili Coast
got to indian ocean and met traders from around arabian sea in swahili coast on journey to calicut (da gama)
Island of Mozambique
pretened to be muslims bc of moors there, then escaped by taking expert with them to india
Calicut
met 2 moors that spoke genoese and castillano, tried to trade w king but had no valuables. managed to get spices and was overall huge success
Banda islands
only place where you could grow Nutmeg; exclusively cultivated it for other trades, imported almost all food, economy already reoriented prior to European need/want
Malacca
part of existing trading network in indian ocean, transformed economies, used to new/diverse people for commerce, King wanted to kick out Portuguese with help of Guangzhou but they took control
Tome Pires
apothecary and govt scribe that wrote inaccurate notes about people (hindu are past chrsitians, Chinese are white heathens) sent for diplomacy but did not understand waiting process in china, angered emperor with no gifts and impatience, cut off dick and shoved in mouth
Guangzhou
Tome Pires sent on diplomatic mission, did not go well
Smallpox
key to european dominance in new world, over 250k taino and 250k mexica died of disease, economy disrupted as nobody had immunity, europeans took advantage of this and many died of violence, hunger or disease
Qi Jinguang
Japanese pirates had been raiding Chinese coast, Qi reorganized forces, developed infantry units, practiced drilling and training, had huge success and changed military game
Japan
many states fighting for dominance, had pirates, invaded Korea twice, in 1592 and 1597
Korea
Korean troops overwhelmed bc was unorganized famers fighting, they had revolutionized by 1597 bc King taught how to make muskets and gunpowder,
Yi Sun Sin
naval hero that made armoured boat (turtle ship) with heavy artillery, effective against Japanese that had not innovated strategies
Oman (Yaruba dynasty)
Portuguese took over Oman ports, so tried taking them back. Muscat had fortress that was rich and strong on gulf, but beat Portuguese out through land and built up navy to defend and raid other places too (Diu, Swahili coast) and become part of dynasty
Pirate havens
livorno, malta, algiers, all christian except for last muslim
Barbary coast
muslims captured a lot of english in small boats in area, English crown cheap at getting them back so would have them forever to get ransoms. would write letters telling horrible experiences at hopes they’d buy them out.
Leo Africanus
Muslim in granada, fled to Fez/Morocco, uncle was diplomat to Timbuktu, captured by pirates but sent as gift to pope in rome, converted and wrote book describing Africa, sometimes exaggerating but accurate
Leo Africanus
Muslim in granada, fled to Fez/Morocco, uncle was diplomat to Timbuktu, captured by pirates but sent as gift to pope in rome, converted and wrote book Description of Africa, sometimes exaggerating but accurate
Granada
alhambra took over by ferd and isa, they lived there for a bit
Granada
alhambra took over by ferd and isa, they lived there for a bit
Fez
nowadays morrocco, king was “muhammad of portugal” bc he was captured once too
Timbuktu
used as metaphor super far away, wealthy empire for Islamic study, leo went to visit
Timbuktu
used as metaphor super far away, wealthy empire for Islamic study, leo went to visit
Rosetta
place where Ottomans fought Mamaluks over control of Egypt, Leo was there on ottoman vessel and got captured by Spanish pirates
Coatzacoalcos
Malintzin born there, spoke Nahuatl and other lang. state aligned with Tenochtitlan
Nahuatl
language spoke in Tenochtitlan, Coatz., and Tlaxcala
Maya
Puntunchan language, learned when she was sold as slave by Mexica merchants at 14
Marina/Malinche/Malintzin
daughter of low ran concubine, status was not assured, sold at 14, helped Cortez take over, did not marry her bc he had wife, so she married high rank Spanish captain, died went hey took her son to spain
Moctezuma
translated by Malintzin when meeting Spanish, was killed and his last heir killed on an expedition to Honduras for conspiring against them supposedly
Cape of Good Hope
Khoi ppl inland nomads, coast people settled fishing and trading
Krotoa
she was sent to work with uncle in coast, used to seeing foreigners, worked as a maid, then had weird relationship with Von Reibeeck, looked out for dutch interests, married to trader who left to Portugal, was mistreated as wench and lost value, died abandoned
Autshumato
uncle postal agent for passing ships in port, took to trading w dutch first, gave niece for help, realized the dutch would take over and attempted to help but was ratted out by krotoa, who became outsider and not accepted anymore
Jan Van Riebeck
Dutchman arrived with Captain Reibeeck that wanted to set a re-supply station for Dutch ships on their way to East Asia. While Portuguese dominated the sea, by 1600s the Dutch took over a lot of the ports and routes. stayed to grow food and help passing boats, made local business, lived w nieces
Peter (Krotoa)
went to madagascar and mauritus to explore, got killed in last one, stopped support for Krotoa
1618 Comet
general crisis of warfare and state collapse, some thought comet was omen for apocalypse or message from mandate of heaven
Thirty Year’s War (1618-48)
religious conflict between catholic and protestants in Germany, more deaths than ww2 and large standing armies that hurt civilians w taxation and stuff
Sack of Magdeburg
destruction of protestant city by catholic forces
English Revolution
Catholic Charles I v Protestant Parliament, years after 30yrwar but brought civil war, was deposed and beheaded still
Charles I
Married catholic woman and was believed to be turning protestant country catholic again, was tried and beheaded from window, which killing own monarch was unprecedented
Anatolia
modern turkey, home for rebellion and gang crimes in ottoman rule, 80% of people died after they protest the regicide and replacement of head of state
Ming Dynasty
had been in control for while, but bureaucrats became corrupt, soldiers took arms in countryside (were now trained), wall protection was broken in north and country bandits in south were giving trouble
Manchuria
by russia dn china
Manchus
EA ethnic gorup from Manchuria, strong and effective fighters that took over Ming dynasty and established Qing
Li Zicheng
“dashing prince” that went from bandit to the ambitious leader that made Beijing fall after it was poorly defended, was overtaken by Manchus
Beijing
city in north that had not been well defended, took over by Li Zicheng and then commander tried to get it back with help from Manchus, but they took it for themselves
Qing Dynasty
established dynasty after Ming, enforced their customs and traditions after massacring people in take over
Yangtzi River
Potosi
had largest deposit of silver, spanish flooded place and exploited indigenous people in mines where many died
“Military revolution”
silver financed religious wars, warfare, weapons, armies, which caused chaos and rising deaths as other armies could not compete with Spain
“Price revolution”
excess of silver caused value to drop, Spanish tried to mine for more, cost of living 2x or 3x, economic strife possible explanation for 17th century crisis, Spanish had so much debt
Manila
Ming dynasty needed silver, but didn’t want to do outside trade except with Manila, which would use galleon ships that would travel from Mexico to philippies
Galleon Ships
multi deck sailing ships used for european cargo carrier and later turned to warships.
Innai Ginzan
a mine in Japan where chinese would get their silver from, were extremely violent and exploitative
Fujian
Most chinese traders were fujian from province and would trade silk and porcelain for silver in Manila
The Parian
port where chinese traders were safe, separate from spanish-owned ports,
Little Ice Age
coldest between 1600-1650, summers too cold for harvesting and winters harsh, reported around globe from multiple accounts
Maunder minimum
perioed from 1650-early 1700s where sunspots became incredibly rare, correlating to less sun energy on earth
Staple crops
season consistency extremely important bc they tended to grow only one kind of crop, important for livelihood and meant any delays would be detrimental
Plague
with harvest failures, economic strife and famine, people started robbing which caused chaos and disease with plague outbreaks
Smallpox
when manchus invaded china, there was a spread of smallpox which affected their military response
Potatoes
emerging crop from Americas, needed to be marketed differently but became better relief for families because they yielded 2x calories per acre
Edo
one of biggest cities in the wrold, had advanced water provisioning system that was vulnerable during attacks
Constantinople/Istanbul
istanbul had walls in here, learly marked on map and refortirifed, were for multiple reasons like safety, from disease, regulate trade, population, had to answer 8 questions if wanted to enter (like immigration)
Provisioning
water provisioning system in Edo was advanced, river to send food did not work in Beijing bc grand canal in china froze, they used to provision rice instead of bread tho and that worked
Nightsoil
people in edo paid for poop from latirines to use in their farming
Beijing
The Grand Canal in Beijing, brought food from Guagnzhou (bread basket of China) over 1200 miles. Vulnerable to climate (freeze or dry river) and travel through sea (JP pirates) which is reason why Ming fell, couldn’t send food.
Hamburg
Germany: had canals, but got polluted because people would dispose trash into them. High-status/ranking people would instead buy drinking water from vendors who got it from countryside (vulnerable to war). Women would carry buckets of water on their heads to sell, cost depended on source of water.
The Grand Canal
The Grand Canal in Beijing, brought food from Guagnzhou (bread basket of China) over 1200 miles. Vulnerable to climate (freeze or dry river) and travel through sea (JP pirates) which is reason why Ming fell, couldn’t send food.
Urban Graveyards
cities considered this, Constantly needed to import people because they’d constantly die before they had children (result of epidemics) and
London
made out of wood, fires often started by bakeries and buildings torn down before fire could spread
Great Fire of London
started by bakery and too fast to put out
Meireki FIre of Edo
destroyed entire city and was deadly
Chain migration
one person established self in city and started chain migration by bringing in family and uch
Patriarchical
social system in which positions of dominance and privilege are primarily held by men.
Patrilineal
ancestral line traced through fathers
Monogamy
Polygamy
practice of marrying multiple spouses
Harem
from word haram (meaning forbidden or sacred), meant there was space in house where women forbidden from making contact to outside (could mean having sex or not, daughter, wives, concubines, enslaved)
Qajar Dynasty
when they took over, they adjusted to have larger harms in urban space of show off power and wealth, collides with ottoman empire
Fath Ali Shah
had 4 permanent wives, and plenty of temporary wives (some who were daughters and wives of enemies, so not temporary), others who were admired (one was good at finance)
“temporary wives” (qajar)
(had to be treated equally for multiple wives, so loophole meant that they didn’t have to do this) was signed by wife (not authority), wait 10 months for pregnancy, and then resign new one. ppl wanted status, so they would repeat contracts, even if not samed
oyo kingdom
as they were expanding, they began gathering multiple households under one roof, meant there was one male leader and began being patriarchical and patrilineal society bc their expansion into northern territory
yoruba
was matrlinieal cutlure, men married into wives families and could be disposed of, more powerful if they remiand together much more
sango
powerful god, used this to tell stories that osun(F) had been married before, but were not good enough so she left and met Sango (represent oyo) and other river god,
osun
oyo want to expand into this osun river so that they could be closer to ocean, did so through ptriarchical lineage. also female deity associated with fertility, water, and wealth.
siam
siam
