Improvised Explosive Devices Flashcards
Components
Casing, initiating system, main charge
IED fundamentals
A improvised explosive device is and weapon fabricated using destructive, lethal, Noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals. They are placed in locations with the intent to destroy, incapacitate, caress, or distract enemy
Casing
The casing or case of the external component that holds the main charge. The case and propels the charge explosion in a direction or place.
Materials used for casing
Military munitions, soda cans, pipes, gas cylinders, dumpsters, vehicles, dead animals. These casings are normally packed with ready-made fragmentation such as nails or marbles.
Initiating system
The initiating system causes the main charge to detonate. Initiating systems almost always include a blasting And power source
Initiating systems
Time delay, command, victim
Time delay
Initiating system designed to function after a preset delay and provides the enemy and opportunity to escape. Types of timers are fire producing, chemical, mechanical, electronic
Command
Command wire and radio controlled-enables the enemy to have positive control of the detonation and allows them to choose the optimal moment of initiation. They are normally used against targets having established list routine or pattern.
Victim
Activated by the victim through use of pool or trip, pressure, pressure release, movement-sensitive, light-sensitive, proximity, or electronic switches. These initiating systems can be emplaced and left without supervision but do not allow for differentiation between enemy and nine enemy victims.
Main charge
Four types of main charges: Low explosive (gunpowder), high explosives (C4), homemade explosives (ammonium nitrate), chemical (compressed gas)
Low explosives
Include military propellant, commercial explosives, and black powder. Low explosives may be more accessible, but less powerful, then high explosives
High explosives
Include military munitions, commercial explosives, C-four, and TNT.
Homemade explosives
Commercially available chemicals that are combined to create an explosive mixture such as: triacetate triperoxide (TATP) and ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO).
Chemical
May be fabricated from military he munitions or commercially available product’s. Some indicators are odors and liquid near IED, dead animals, and compressed gas cylinders.
Sophistication and enhancement
Composition and configuration are only limited by the imagination and available materials of the maker.
Types of IED’s
Radio controlled, command-wired, victim operated, timed, vehicle borne/suicide vehicle borne, person born
Radio controlled
Anything that can transmit a radio signal can be adapted to function as a triggering device for an IED. EXAMPLES INCLUDE CAR ALARMS, GARAGE AND CAR DOOR OPENERS, TOY CONTROLLERS, WIRELESS DOORBELL’S, AND LONG-RANGE CORDLESS PHONES. ALLOWS THE ENEMY TO ACTIVATE THE DEVICE FROM A DISTANCE.
Command-wired
Take time for the insurgent to emplace. The wire leading from the IED to the firing point may be concealed, but the firing point is fixed. Recent improvements in these type IED’s tactics include micro-thinwire is that make it extremely difficult for US forces to the tech the wires leading to the device.
Victim operated
When handling the IAB the action of cutting a wire pulling a pan or simply lifting the item activates IED, making a victim operated
Hoax IED
Allows the enemy to observe a units counter IED tactics, techniques, and procedures
Timed
Not typically employed in the operational environment. If they are, they are usually used to arm a device with less likelihood of an accidental ignition
Vehicle borne
Charges range from 100 pounds to more than 1000 pounds of mortar rounds, rocket motors, rocket warheads, PE4 explosives, and or artillery rounds. A growing technique-one vehicle ask as a decoy or barrier Buster while a second vehicle proceeds going to the real target
Person borne
Sometimes referred to as a suicide bomb. Kills the carrier. Sometimes these devices employ a dead man switch to initiate the IED in case the bomber is incapacitated. A second initiator in case the bomber have second thoughts. Clothes are modified to carry the concealed material
Employment techniques
Implement methodology, indicators, locations
Employment methodology
Includes various methods method one, two, method three
Employment method one
Thrown from overpasses. Thrown in front of approaching vehicles from the roadside
Employment method two
Emplaced potholes covered with dirt. Emplaced along the main supply routes and alternate supply routes. Employed along on improved roads. Employed along cinderblocks or piles of sand that act as tamping mechanisms to direct the blast in the Killzone
Employment method three
Employed with 122 mm and larger artillery or mortar projectiles.
Employed alone or in groups. As diversion or hoax to draw attention from the other IED’s or to allow the enemy to observe your reactions and gather information on your tactics, techniques, and procedures
Indicators
Primary indication is the change in baseline (something new in the area that was not there before). The enemy may leave behind a visual indicators of an IED by accident or on purpose (to inform the local population)
Indicators include
Objects and behaviors
Objects
Markers by the side of the road, such as tires rock piles ribbon or tape that may identify in IED location to the local population or serve as a aiming reference. Wires laid out in plain sight. Colors that seem out of place, such as freshly disturbed dirt, concrete that does not match the surrounding area, colors detonation cord or other exposed IED parts. New or out of place objects in an area such as dirt piles dead animals or trash. Graffiti symbols or writing on buildings. Suspicious objects. Exposed and tennis, detonating cords, wires, ordinance, new construction. Signs that are newly erected or seem out of place. Metallic objects, such as soda cans and cylinders
Behaviors
Personnel on overpasses. Vehicles following a convoy for a long distance and then pulling to the roadside. Signals from vehicles or by standards (flashing headlights). People videotaping ordinary activities or military actions. Enemies using IED’s often tape their activities for the use as a recruitment or training tools. Unusual behavior patterns or changes in community patterns such as noticeably few people or vehicles in a normally busy area, open windows, or the absence of women or children.
Locations
Cinderblocks, roadway shoulders (usually within 10 feet), boundary turnaround points (pattern), unattended vehicles, trees, Lightpost, signs, overpasses, bridge spans that are elevated, buildings, animal carcasses, previous IED sites, abandon structures, medians, by the roadside, buried under the service of any type of road, often potholes covered by dirt piles
Defeat framework fundamentals
Employed by leaders at every level: predict, detect, prevent, avoid, protect, neutralize
Predict
Identify and understand enemy personnel, equipment, infrastructure, TTP, support mechanisms, or other actions to forecast specific enemy IED operations directed against US interest
Detect
Activities contribute to the identification and location of enemy personnel, explosive devices and they are component parts, equipment, logistics operations, and infrastructure in order to provide accurate and timely information
Prevent
Activities disrupt and defeat the IED operational chain of events. Prevent action focus on the target in order to interdict or destroy he in a be personnel, the infrastructure and logistics capabilities, and surveillance and targeting efforts before placement of the device
Avoid
These activities keep friendly forces from IED’s when prevention activities are not possible or have failed
Protect
These activities improve the survivability of targets through hardening, awareness, training, or techniques
Neutralize
These activities contribute to the destruction or reduction of enemy personnel, explosive devices, and supplies. All hazards should be neutralized as soon and as safely as possible to maintain restricted movement
IED defeat framework pertaining to corporals: predict
Can execute actions with limited assistance from S-2: identify patterns of enemy behavior. Predict future enemy actions.
Defeat framework fundamentals: Detect
IED spotted. Report immediately.
Defeat framework fundamentals: Avoid
Aid in avoiding: increase situational awareness. Constantly update the common operational picture. Disseminate related, accurate info about the AO in a timely manner. Ensure timely and accurate route status reporting the tracking to higher and subordinate elements on the threat conditions in the AO. Alter routes and routines. Mark and bypass suspected IEDs
Defeat framework fundamentals: Protect
Disrupting channeling blocking or redirecting energy and fragmentation primarily accomplished through the use of armor kits on combat vehicles. Create greater standoff distances to reduce the effect that IED’s have on their intended targets. Maintaining the minimum safe distance of 300 m from any IED. Incorporating unmanned platforms, such as unmanned aerial vehicles for robotics to investigate likely attack areas prior to entering those areas
Protect: CREW system
Another protective measure is using this system. Allow for: reducing time and distance in which intended targets are within the range. Increasing the speed and effectiveness by which reaction and evacuation operations are conducted. Providing blast and fragmentation mitigation for platforms structures and personnel. Avoiding the stab machine patterns and predictable forms of behavior. Conducting proper personnel and equipment inspections and rehearsals for all operations. Treating every operation as a combat mission
Prepare for movement
Number and types of vehicles, plan speed of movement, weapons, CREW, communication plan
Prepare for movement
When moving make yourself flexible. Your speed can vary. Have a variety of weapons. Keep a CREW. Keep your communication plan (primary and secondary means of communication)
Prepare for movement: extra notes
Your communication plan includes casualty evacuation, 9-line and explosive hazard spot reports.
IED encounter
Confirm, clear, cordon, check, control
Confirm
From safe distance. Five and 25 m checks to ensure that no secondary device is are present. Checks are continuous
Confirm: three-Ds
The first vehicle to identify an IED should turn on the appropriate turn signal indicating contact. The nearest vehicle with the radio must transmit the location of the IED to the remainder of the convoy using vehicle interval call signs and indicate the distance direction and description of the threat. After completing the 3-D The element must call appropriate headquarters
Clear
All personnel should be cleared from the area to a tactically safe position. The minimum safe distance for exposed personnel is 300 m. Once the unit clears, either the lead or trail security element will conduct a 25 m 250 new suite on each side of the route to locate IED materials and equipment
