Improve 1 Flashcards
What muscle lies over and protect the radial nerve of the lateral aspect of the humerus? Anconeus Superficial pectoral Brachiocephalicus Bracialis
Brachialis
What is the treatment for severe shoulder dysplasia? Artrodesis Amputation Replacement Conservative
Artrodesis
What is the most common manifestation of elbowdysplasia?
Medial compartment disease
Ununited medial epicondyle of the humerus
OCD of the medial epicondyle of humerus
Un united anconeal process
Medial compartment disease
How is it best to manage a partially torn and painful biceps tendon?
- Tenotomy and or/ tenodesis
- Tenotomy and surgical excision
- Tenotomy and steroids
- Conservative management
Tenotomy and or/ tenodesis
Radial carpal bone fractures are most common in which dog breed: • Labradors • Boxers • Terriers • Lurchers
Boxers
Which of the following answers regarding distraction index is correct?
• Hip osteoarthrosis is more likely with a distraction index < 0.3
• Hip osteoarthrosis is more likely with a distraction index > 0.3
• Hip osteoarthrosis is more likely with a distraction index < 0.7
• Hip osteoarthrosis is more likely with a distraction index > 0.7
Hip osteoarthrosis is more likely with a distraction index > 0.7
What is characteristic for type IV central tarsal bone fractures?
• Dorsal slab, no displacement
• Dorsal slab, displacement
• Sagittal fracture, displacement of medial fragment
• Both dorsal and medial slab fractures, displacement
Both dorsal and medial slab fractures, displacement
Gastrocnemius tendon avulsion with intact SDFT (superficial digital flexor tendon) is considered • Type I Achilles tendon rupture • Type IIa Achilles tendon rupture • Type IIb Achilles tendon rupture • Type IIc Achilles’ tendon rupture
Type IIc Achilles’ tendon rupture
OCD lesions usually occur
• 96% on the medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle
• 96% on the lateral aspect of the lateral femoral condyle
• 96% on the medial aspect of the medial femoral condyle
• 96% on the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle
96% on the medial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle
In patella alta the ratio of patellar ligament length to patellar length measurement is
- < 1.45
- > 1.45
- < 1.97
- > 1.97
• > 1.97
Which of the following implants resists shear forces at the fracture site? • IM pin • Lag screw • External fixator • Cerclage wire
External fixator
What is the correct insertion technique for placing an IM pin in the tibia?
• Normograde, medially, caudal to patella tendon
• Normograde, laterally, caudal to patella tendon
• Retrograde exiting laterally proximally
• Retrograde exiting medially proximally
Normograde, medially, caudal to patella tendon
You are presented with an oblique fracture of the tibia. You elect to use cerclage wires as part of the repair. Which of the following statements is false?
• It is recommended to place two cerclage wires
• The full circumference of the bone must be reconstructable when using cerclage wires
• Pushing the knot over at the end of twisting results in a loss of tension
• Cerclage wires interfere with the blood supply to the bone
Cerclage wires interfere with the blood supply to the bone
LC-DCP plates are considered to have a number of advantages compared to DCP plates. Which statement is false?
• The LC-DCP can be used to create compression across the fracture
• The design of the LC-DCP prevents stress concentration at the screw holes
• The design of the LC-DCP interferes with the vascularity of the bone
• The LC-DCP can be contoured
The design of the LC-DCP interferes with the vascularity of the bone
5) Which of the following statements about conventional screw-plate systems is false?
• The stability of the conventional screw-plate construct relies upon frictional force generated between the plate and bone
• During ambulation axial forces transmitted along bone are converted to shear forces at the bone-plate interface
• The resistance of screws to shear force can be increased by using screws with a larger core diameter
• Anatomic reconstruction does not contribute to load sharing between the plate and bone
Anatomic reconstruction does not contribute to load sharing between the plate and bone
What is considered the gold standard technique for diagnosis of osteomyelitis? • Serial radiographic examination • Blood culture • Bone biopsy and culture • Scintigraphy
Bone biopsy and culture
What is the commonest organism isolated in cases of osteomyelitis? • Escherichia coli • Pseudomonas • Streptococcus • Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus
Which one of the following thoracic injuries is most commonly seen on thoracic radiographs of dogs with appendicular fractures caused by road traffic accidents? • Pulmonary contusion • Haemothorax • Pneumothorax • Pneumomediastinum
Pulmonary contusion
Platelet rich plasma is a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bone graft? • Osteoinductive • Osteoconductive • Osteogenic • Osteopromotive
Osteopromotive
Which of the following antibiotics is most suitable for prophylactic use in canine fracture repair? • Ampicillin • Gentamycin • Metronidazole • Second generation cephalosporins
Second generation cephalosporins
A patient with non-ambulatory tetraparesis, reduced muscle tone and reduced spinal reflexes most likley has which of the following? • Peripheral neuropathy • C1-C5 myelopathy • C6-T2 myelopathy • Inflammatory CNS disease
Peripheral neuropathy
When performing a neurological examination on a dog with ambulatory paraparesis you identify a sharp panniculus cut-off at T13. This suggests which of the following neuroanatomical locations?
• A lesion at T13
• A lesion 1-2 vertebral bodies cranially
• A lesion 1-2 vertebral bodies caudally
• A lesion at C6-T2
A lesion 1-2 vertebral bodies cranially
Peripheral vestibular ataxia usually presents with which of the following? • Upper motor neurone paresis • Generalised proprioceptive ataxia • Ipsilateral trigeminal nerve deficits • Ipsilateral Horner’s syndrome
Ipsilateral horners (same side)
Which imaging modality provides the best spatial resolution? • MRI • CY • Radiographs • CT-myelography
Radiographs
Mannitol’s main role is to do which of the following? • Decrease intracranial pressure • Increase brain volume • Decrease brain perfusion • Increase systemic blood pressure
Decrease intracranial pressure
Which of the following would be a contraindication for CSF collection?
• Coagulopathy
• Diffuse cerebral changes
• Pappiloedema with no other neurological signs
• Proprioceptive deficits in all four limbs
Coagulopathy
After performing an MRI you are planning to perform a C6-C7 vertebral distraction-stablisation in a 6 year old Dobermann. Which specific test would you perform prior to surgery?
Electrolytes
• Electromyography
• Biochemistry
• Buccal mucosal bleeding time
Buccal mucosal bleeding time
Which of the following drugs is most likely to be associated with melena when administered in cases of spinal cord injury? • Metronidazole • Methocarbamol • Dexamethasone • Gabapentin
Dexamethasone
What pain relief combination would be appropriate to use in the first 24 hours following an hemilaminectomy? • Methadone and prednisolone • Prednisolone and meloxicam • Gabapentin • Methadone, gabapentin and meloxicam
• Methadone, gabapentin and meloxicam
Which of the following is not a possible complication in a paraplegic patient after a hemilaminectomy • Pressure sores • Laryngeal paralysis • Urine scalding • Dehydration
Laryngeal paralysis
Iodophors are most effective at a: • 0.1% Solution • 1% solution • 10% solution • 100% solution
0.1
The risk of a surgical site infection:
• Doubles for every hour of general anaesthesia indepently of surgical time
• Doubles for every hour of surgical time
• Doubles if single gloving is used instead of closed gloving
• Doubles if prophylactic antibiotics aren’t used
Doubles for every hour of surgical time
The primary cell type expected to be found in surgical wound at 48-96 hours is the: • Platelet • Neutrophil • Macrophage • Fibroblast
Macrophage
Which of the following dressings is most appropriate for the management of a highly exudative open wound? • Adhesive film • Hydrocolloid sheet • Hydrogel • Alginate
Alginate
5) Which of the following statements regarding z-plasty is correct?
• There is a gain in length along the central limb of the z
• The central limb of the z is parallel to the wound
• There is an increase in tension along the central limb of the z
• There is a decrease in tension parallel to the length of the wound
There is a gain in length along the central limb of the z
What is the most common tumour of the salivary glands? • Adenoma • Adenocarcinoma • Lymphoma • Fibrosarcoma
Adenocarcinoma
Dissection must be performed under which muscle to achieve complete mandibular/sublingual salivary gland excision? • Digastricus • Masseter • Stylohyoideus • Hyoglossus
Digastricus
A dog runs onto a stick on a walk. The stick penetrates via the mouth and is palpable in the neck. Which structure in the neck is most commonly damaged? • Oesophagus • Larynx • Vagosympathetic trunk • Salivary Gland
Oesophagus
How could you treat gastric adenocarcinoma in the pylorus of a dog? • Chemotherapy • Pyloroplasty • Pylorectomy • Gastric bypass
Pylorectomy
Which of the following is a risk factor for development of gastric dilatation and volvulus? • Sibling that has had a GDV • Feeding table scraps • Previous gastric surgery • Obesity
Sibling that has had a GDV
Which artery must be retained when performing subtotal colectomy (including the iliocolic valve) for feline megacolon? • Left colic artery • Middle colic artery • Right colic artery • Cranial rectal artery
• Cranial rectal artery
What is the recommended treatment for an insulinoma in the distal left limb of the pancreas • Euthanasia • Medical management with prednisolone • Marginal resection • Partial pancreatectomy
Partial pancreatectomy
What is the most appropriate treatment for biliary mucocele • Medical management • Cholecystotomy and lavage • Cholecystectomy • Common bile duct stent
Cholecystectomy
Which of the following liver masses has the best outcome after surgical resection, assuming that there is a single large mass that is amenable to surgical resection? • Hepatocellular adenocarcinoma • Cholangiocellular carcinoma • Haemangiosarcoma • Carcinoid
Hepatocellular adenocarcinoma
What is the most commonly performed surgery for perineal rupture/hernia?
• Muscle apposition plus gluteal muscle flap
• Muscle apposition plus internal obturator muscle flap
• Muscle apposition plus prosthetic mesh
• Muscle apposition plus semitendinosus flap
Muscle apposition plus internal obturator muscle flap
A 6 year old female (n) Bassett Hound presented with two episodes of haematuria, which were self-limiting. Clinical examination was unremarkable.
On diagnostic evaluation
Biochemistry profiles were within normal limits. Haematology revealed a mild anaemia (28 % PCV).
Platelet count, clotting profiles and Von Willebrands factor were within normal limits.
Urine culture was sterile; on analysis the only abnormality was numerous red blood cells
Intravenous urogram, retrograde urethrogram and ultrasound examination were unremarkable
Which treament option is most suitable for this case?
• Celiotomy and nephrectomy
• Chemotherapy
• Serial monitoring of PCV and TP
• Cystoscopy, celiotomy and nephrectomy
Serial monitoring of PCV and TP
2) A 7 year old male (n) Great Dane is presented with a football sized scrotum after castration the day before. The scrotum is still dripping blood.
Heart rate is 145, peripheral pulses are thready, mucus membranes are pale and the dog is subdued. PCV is 18%, total protein is 53 g/l.
What is your treatment plan?
• Blood transfusion and cold pack the scrotum
• Blood transfusion followed by anaesthesia and celiotomy once perfusion has improved and ligation of the testicular artery
• Blood transfusion
• Blood transfusion followed by anaesthesia once perfusion has improved; scrotal haematoma removal and ligation of the testicular artery.
Blood transfusion followed by anaesthesia and celiotomy once perfusion has improved and ligation of the testicular artery
A 6 year old Domestic Short Hair cat presents with a 3 week history of a caudal solitary mammary mass, no other clinical signs are present.
Your initial advice to the owner is:
• It is most likely to be benign, monitor and remove if it grows in the next few weeks
• It is most likely to be benign, excised and submit for histopathology
• It is most likely to be malignant it should be removed by radical mastectomy
• It is most likely to be malignant but can be removed with a lumpectomy
It is most likely to be malignant it should be removed by radical mastectomy
A 7-year-old female (n) Cross-bred was presented with a two-week history of stranguria, pollakiuria and haematuria. Clinical examination was unremarkable.
On diagnostic evaluation:
Urinalysis revealed a pH of 9.0, numerous red blood cells, 50-100 WBC per HPF, large numbers of cocci, proteinuria and struvite crystalluria.
Urine culture yielded staphylococcus intermedius
Radiographic examination of the abdomen revealed two relatively large radiodense smooth mineral densities in the bladder.
A presumptive diagnosis of infection-induced struvite urolithiasis was made based on the above information.
A struvite dissolution diet was fed and a two-week course of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid was started at 22 mg/kg PO twice daily.
At the 4 week re-examination the urine was persistently infected with staphylococcus and there was little change in the uroliths.
Which of the following is the most likely reason for treatment failure?
• Non-struvite urolith composition
• Concurrent Pyelonephritis
• Owner non compliance
• Inappropriate duration of antibiotic treatment
• Inappropriate duration of antibiotic treatment
After intravesicular correction (neoureterocystostomy) the most common complication is pyelonephritis
An American cat is presented for assessment of a kidney transplant. On clinical examination the cat is bright but has been losing weight (about 10% over the last 3 months) despite appropriate medical management of the kidney failure.
On screening for the transplant program the following information is noted
Which of the below would exclude the cat from the transplant programme?
• A fine needle aspirate of the kidneys under ultrasound guidance demonstrates renal amyloidosis.
• Blood profiles reveal azotaemia, with a creatinine level of over 400 umol/L
• The cat is 9 years of age
• A viral upper respiratory tract infection is present
A fine needle aspirate of the kidneys under ultrasound guidance demonstrates renal amyloidosis
A 10 year Yorkshire Terrier presents to you with a goose honk cough. You suspect that the patient may have tracheal collapse. What would be considered the gold standard method for diagnosis of this condition?
• Radiography
• Bronchio-alveolar lavage
• Presence of goose honk cough on clinical examination
• Tracheoscopy
Tracheoscopy
A 10 year old Labrador Retriever presents to you with excessive panting, exercise intolerance, increased inspiratory noise and a recent change in vocalisation. Which is your most likely differential diagnosis based on these clinical signs?
• Laryngeal collapse
• Elongated soft palate with everted laryngeal saccules
• Laryngeal paralysis
• Laryngeal neoplasia
Laryngeal paralysis
A 5 month Bulldog presents to your clinic with lethargy, increased respiratory rate, a moist cough and moist lung sounds bilaterally. You take a radiograph as displayed below. What advice is most appropriate to the owner?
- The radiograph shows no abnormalities and the best action at present is to send the patient home with oral antibiotics and careful monitoring. If the patient deteriorates, you will see the patient again and repeat the radiographs in case the radiographic picture changes.
- The radiograph shows evidence of aspiration pneumonia and the best course of action is to send the patient home with oral antibiotics and re- see the patient in 48 hours or sooner if concerned.
- The radiographs shows evidence of aspiration pneumonia and the best course of action is intravenous antibiotics and hospitalization.
- The radiograph shows evidence of aspiration pneumonia and a hypoplastic trachea and the best course of action is intravenous antibiotics and hospitalization.
The radiograph shows evidence of aspiration pneumonia and a hypoplastic trachea and the best course of action is intravenous antibiotics and hospitalization.
You are currently the locum veterinary surgeon and are presented with a case for which you have not previously seen. On the clinical notes, you read that your next patient is a Bulldog returning from a local referral practice for a post operative check having recently had surgery for an elongated soft palate and everted laryngeal saccules. The notes suggest that the dog was also diagnosed with grade II laryngeal collapse. Which of the following would you expect to have been noted on laryngoscopy with this diagnosis?
• Laryngeal saccule eversion alone
• Laryngeal saccule eversion with collapse of the epiglottis dorsally
• Laryngeal saccule eversion with medial displacement of cuneiform process of arytenoid cartilage
• Laryngeal saccule eversion with medial displacement of the corniculate process of the arytenoid cartilage
• Laryngeal saccule eversion with medial displacement of cuneiform process of arytenoid cartilage
A 13 year old domestic shorthaired cat presents with bilateral epistaxis. Biochemistry, haematology and coagulation profiles are all normal and a CT scan is performed revealing large mass in the caudal nasal chamber. A blind nasal grab biopsy confirms nasal lymphoma. Which of the following would be the recommended treatment option in order to maximise the survival time of the patient?
• Rhinotomy and surgical resection of the mass
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy
• Rhinotomy and surgical resection of the mass with concurrent chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Which of the following is an essential requirement in cases of chest trauma? • Chest tube • Oxygen • Thoracic imaging • Thoracocentesis
Oxygen
What finding may be suggestive of traumatic myocarditis? • Atrial flutter • Ventricular premature complexes • Diastolic murmur • Weak peripheral pulses
• Ventricular premature complexes
Which is the most common lung lobe to undergo torsion in pugs? • Right caudal • Right cranial • Left caudal • Left cranial
Left cranial
When is surgery indicated in cases of pyothorax?
• In every case
• After unsuccessful conservative management
• In every cat
• Where CT is not available
After unsuccessful conservative management
What is the reported overall percentage survival to discharge in patients undergoing surgery within 24h to correct a traumatic diaphragmatic hernia, according to Gibson et al (Gibson, TWG, Brisson, BA, Sears, W. Perioperative survival rates after surgery for diaphragmatic hernia in dogs and cats: 92 cases (1990–2002), Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association July 1, 2005, Vol. 227, No. 1, Pages 105-109)
• 89% were discharged alive after surgery
• 99% were discharged alive after surgery
• 59% were discharged alive after surgery
• 29% were discharged alive after surgery
89%
1) Use of drain in oncological surgery increases the risk of:
• Metastases
• Local recurrence
• Extent of tumour if the excision is incomplete
• risk of infection
Extent of tumour if the excision is incomplete
2) The diagnostic accuracy of FNAs for mesenchymal tumours is:
• equal to the accuracy for round cell tumours
• 30-40%
• 70-100%
• 50-61%
50-61%
Which surgical dose is necessary for curative intent surgery? • marginal and wide resections • marginal and radical resections • debulking and wide resection • wide and radical resection
wide and radical resection
During tumour resection it is acceptable to:
• directly handle the tumour
• manipulate the tumour with stay sutures or atraumatic instruments
• shell out well encapsulated masses
• use multifilament sutures
manipulate the tumour with stay sutures or atraumatic instruments
Histological grading is important for • Canine MCT • Feline MCT • Feline STS • Canine melanoma
Canine MCT
What is the most commonly used approach to the shoulder joint for removal of an OCD flap? • Caudal • Caudolateral • Craniolateral • Cranial
Caudolateral
Elbow arthroscopy is most commonly performed on the: • Lateral aspect of the joint • Medial aspect of the joint • Caudal aspect of the joint • Caudal aspect of the joint
Medial
Incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle is most common in which dog breed? • Cavalier King Spaniel • Portuguese water spaniel • English springer spaniel • Welsh springer spanie
English springer spaniel
5) Partial carpal arthrodesis includes fusion of all carpal joints except the: • Carpometacarpal joint • Intercarpal joint • Antebrachiocarpal joint • Metacarpophalangeal joint
Antebrachiocarpal joint
The prognosis for stifle OCD is • Excellent • Good • Guarded • Poor
Guarded
What is the appropriate angle of arthrodesis for the stifle joint? • 100º • 120º • 140º • 160º
140
Supracondylar fractures are best stabilised with • IM pin • Plates • K-wires • Lag screws
Plates
The most common type of distal physeal femoral fractures in dogs is • Type I Salter Harris • Type II Salter Harris • Type III Salter Harris • Type IV Salter Harris
Typ 2 sAlter
A above
The prevalence of lateral congenital patella luxation in small breed dogs is • 0% • 25% • 50% • 75%
25
What is the maximum interfragmentary strain that will permit primary bone formation to occur? • 2% • 5% • 10% • 20%
2%
Under what biological conditions will gap healing occur?
• Absolute stability and a fracture gap < 10mm
• Absolute stability and a fracture gap < 5mm
• Absolute stability and a fracture gap < 3mm
• Absolute stability and a fracture gap > 3mm
Gap <3mm
What is the critical strain level for bone formation in granulation tissue? • 10% • 20% • 75% • 100%
100%
What fracture pattern develops following a compressive force to a long bone? • Transverse • Oblique • Comminuted • Butterfly
Oblique
What nerve is being tested when stimulating the sensory field on the dorsal aspect of the metacarpals and paw? • Ulna • Median • Radial • Peroneal
Radial
Which of the following factors is not a cause of delayed union? • Large fracture gap • Excessive motion at the fracture site • Hypothyroidism •Use of a synthetic bone allograft
Use of a synthetic bone allograft
In the radiograph below what terms best describes the type of implant?
På billedet er der mellemrum mellem distale og proksimale del i knoglen • Neutralization • Compressive • Bridging • Elastic
Bridging
When repairing a comminuted fracture with minimimally invasive osteosynthesis which of the following is considered to be the main advantage?
• Preservation of optimal biological environment for osteosynthesis
• Accurate anatomic reduction
• Load sharing between bone-implant construct
• Rigid fixation
Preservation of optimal biological environment for osteosynthesis
What term best describes the type of non union in the radiograph below?
Billedet viser en meget stor bulet knogle der nærmest ser tumorøs ud. • Oligotrophic non union • Hypertrophic non union • Dystrophic non union • Necrotic non union
Hypertropisk mon union
Haematogenous osteomyelitis typically occurs in which anatomical region of long bones? • Metaphysis • Epiphysis • Diaphysis • Joint surface
Metafyse
Epi-Meta-Dia-Meta-Epi
A 5-year-old Dachshund with non-ambulatory paraparesis and exaggerated pelvic limb spinal reflexes most likely has a spinal lesion at which neuroanatomical location? • C1-C5 • C6-T2 • T3-L3 • L4-S2
T3-L3
Which of the following statements about the paw placement test is correct?
• It tests conscious proprioception alone
• Intact motor function is not required
• It tests unconscious proprioception alone
• It is a postural reaction test
Postural reaction test
Disc extrusions typically result in which of the following myelographic patterns • Normal • Extradural • Intradural-extramedullary • Intramedullary
Extradural
Which of the following conditions can consistently be definitively diagnosed and accurately localised with radiographs alone? • Acute intervertebral disc extrusion • Caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy • Spinal neoplasia • Atlanto-axial instability
Atlanto-axial instability
What is the onset of action of rectally administered diazepam when treating seizures? • Immediate • Within 5 minutes • 10-40 minutes • Over 40 minutes
10-40 minutes
What it the most common clinical sign in cases of mild cervical intervertebral disc disease? • Pain • Proprioceptive deficits • Lack of segmental spinal reflexes • Obtundation
Pain
A 4 year old, GSD was presented with a history of one generalized tonic clonic seizure. Which drug would you give the owners for emergency treatment at home? • Phenobarbitone orally • Diazepam orally • Diazepam rectally • Propofol
Diazepam rectally
A dog was presented with a history of spinal trauma and you suspect a vertebral fracture and/or subluxation. The dog has no deep pain. Which of the following options would you initially choose?
• Laterolateral and horizontal-beam ventrodorsal radiographs
• Laterolateral and a ventrodorsal radiographs
• MRI
• Scintigraphy
Laterolateral and horizontal-beam ventrodorsal radiographs
A 3 year old, male neutered Dachshund was presented with paraplegia. MRI revealed a left sided extradural lesion at the level of T13-L1 consistent with a disc extrusion. Which surgery would you recommend? • Right hemilaminectomy • Left hemilaminectomy • Corpectomy • Dorsal laminectomy
Left hemilaminectomi
A 1 year old, female Yorkshire Terrier was presented with seizures which were progressively becoming more frequent, more severe and were usually occurring a couple of hours after being fed. The neurological examination was consistent with a diffuse or multifocal localization. What is your main differential diagnosis? • Meningioma • Granulomatous meningoencephalitis • Cerebrovascular accident • Hepatic encephalopathy
Hepatic encephalopathy
Which of the following describes the least traumatic way to use scissors?
• Double-blade cutting with the tips only
• Double-blade cutting with the length of the blade
• Blunt dissection with the tips only
• Blunt dissection with the length of the blade
Double-blade cutting with the tips only
Which of the following antiseptics has a residual action when used as a surgical scrub? • Alcohols • Iodophors • Chlorhexidine • Triclosan
Chlorhexidine
Which of the following is an absorbable monofilament suture material? • Monofilament nylon • Polypropylene • Polyglactin 910 • Polydioxanone
Polydioxanone
An axial pattern flap derives its blood supply principally from which of the following? • Musculocutaneous arteries • Deep dermal plexus • Superficial dermal plexus • Direct cutaneous artery
Direct cutaneous artery
Which salivary gland/duct is most likely to be damaged in a cat with a cervical mucocele? • Mandibular • Sublingual • Parotid • Molar
Sublingual
Where in the oesophagus are bone foreign bodies most commonly located (for dogs referred for endoscopy)? • Caudal to the pharynx • Thoracic inlet • Base of heart • Caudal thorax
Caudal thorax
Which animals are susceptible to oesophageal stricture after ingestion of oral medications? • Cats • Dogs • Rabbits • Ferrets
Cats
Which breed of dog has the highest risk of developing a GDV • Shar Pei • Irish Setter • Great Dane • weimernaer
Grand danois
What drug is given for treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in dogs with GDV? • Lidocaine • Ketamine • Metoclopramide • Magnesium
Lidocaine
What is the most appropriate treatment for biliary mucocele • Medical management • Cholecystectomy • Cholecystotomy and lavage • Common bile duct stent
Cholecystectomy
What is the mortality rate after surgical treatment of septic peritonitis? • 10% • 30% • 50% • 70%
50%
During laparotomy, you notice the small intestines have changed from a normal pink to a dark purple colour. What is the most likely cause?
• Arterial thromboembolism
• Hypovolaemia
• Accidental ligation of the cranial mesenteric artery
• Iatrogenic volvulus of the small intestine
Iatrogenic volvulus
How would you treat a dog with perianal fistulas? • Surgical excision of fistula • Prednisolone and hypoallergenic diet • Ciclosporin • Topical tacrolimus
Ciclosporine
A 10 year old Male Labrador presents with dysuria, haematuria, pyrexia, anorexia and a painful caudal abdomen. On clinical examination his temperature is 40.2° C and an irregular firm caudal abdominal mass is palpable at the pelvic inlet. On rectal palpation the prostate is enlarged, asymmetrical and painful. Haematology blood profiles are unremarkable bar a neutrophilia of 23 x 10⁹/l with a left shift. Biochemistry blood profiles are within normal limits. Ultrasound examination reveals a large (4cm) cavitary lesion within the prostate. Culture of the urine reveals an E Coli infection. Which of the following is the most suitable treatment option?
• Percutaneous drainage of the prostatic lesion under ultrasound guidance followed by castration and antibiotic therapy
• Surgical drainage of the prostate, biopsy of the parenchyma followed by closed suction drain placement, castration and antibiotic therapy
• Surgical drainage of the prostate, biopsy of the parenchyma followed by omentalization with castration and antibiotic therapy
• Surgical drainage of the prostate, biopsy of the parenchyma followed by marsupialisation, castration and antibiotic therapy
Surgical drainage of the prostate, biopsy of the parenchyma followed by omentalization with castration and antibiotic therapy
A 6 year old female West Highland white terrier presents with haematuria and stranguria. Urine culture and analysis yields no growth, urine analysis reveals haematuria and reactive epithelial cells. Ultrasound examination of the bladder reveals a mass affecting the trigone of the bladder.
A catheter biopsy is consistent with a transitional cell tumour of the bladder. What is your advice to the owner?
• This is a slow growing tumour that is best treated with surgical resection, with average survival times after surgery in the order of 18-24 months
• This is an aggressive tumour but very responsive to chemotherapy with survival times in the order of 18-24 months
• This is a benign tumour that can be treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatories
• This is an aggressive tumour which may respond to chemotherapy with survival times in the order of 4-10 months
This is an aggressive tumour which may respond to chemotherapy with survival times in the order of 4-10 months
When repairing a cystostomy incision which of the following statements is correct?
• A two layer appositional suture pattern has a higher bursting strength at 24 hours post surgery than a two layer inverting suture pattern.
• An inverting suture pattern results in better primary healing compared to an appositional suture pattern
• An inverting suture pattern reduces the risk of urine leakage when compared to an appositional suture pattern
• There is no difference in bursting strength at 24 hours post-surgery when comparing single and double appositional suture patterns
There is no difference in bursting strength at 24 hours post-surgery when comparing single and double appositional suture patterns
What is the most likely reason for the appearance of this dog with a testicular tumour? På billeder ser man alopeci på bagbenene
• Pain/ inflammation causing excessive perineal licking
• Testerosterone secretion by a seminoma
• Oestrogen secretion by a sertoli cell tumour
• Concurrent hypothyroidism
Oestrogen secretion by a sertoli cell tumour
A 4 year old male (n) domestic short hair cat is presented after a road traffic accident with a flaccid bladder which is easily expressible. There is no tail tone but pain sensation is present at the base of the tail. Radiographic examination reveals a sacro-coccygeal luxation. What is your advice to the owner?
• The cat is unlikely to regain urinary continence
• The cat is likely to regain urinary continence but it is likely to take 2-3 months
• The cat is likely to regain urinary continence with the week but it may take up to 6 weeks
• The cat is likely to lose motor function in the hind limbs over the next few days
The cat is likely to regain urinary continence with the week but it may take up to 6 weeks
Which of the following is the most common lingual tumour in cats? • Squamous cell carcinoma • Malignant melanoma • Fibrosarcoma • Mast cell tumour
Squamous cell carcinoma
Which of the following is the main blood supply to the hard palate? • Minor palatine artery • Major palatine artery • Infraorbital artery • Angularis oris artery
Major palatine artery
Which of the following gingival tumours has the highest metastatic rate? • Squamous cell carcinoma • Fibrosarcoma • Melanoma • Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
Melanoma
Which of the following is a primary cause of otitis externa? • Abnormal ear conformation • Excessive moisture due to swimming • Otitis media • Atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis
Which of the following is the most common cause of otitis media in cats?
• Ascending upper respiratory tract infection
• Extension of otitis externa
• Haematogenous spread
• External ear neoplasia
Ascending upper respiratory tract infection
A 10 year Yorkshire Terrier presents to you with a goose honk cough. You suspect that the patient may have tracheal collapse and elect to perform tracheoscopy. On tracheoscopy, the trachea appears dorsoventrally collapsed by approximately 75% of the normal trachea. What grading of tracheal collapse would this represent? • Grade 1 • Grade 2 • Grade 3 • Grade 4
Grad 3
A Pug is presented to you with increased upper respiratory noise, snoring and occasional episodes of exercise intolerance and cyanosis. You suspect correctly that the patient has brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome and are prepared to induce the patient for examination with concurrent surgery under the same anaesthetic. On examination the patient has stenotic nares, everted laryngeal saccules, collapse of the cuneiform process and an elongated soft palate. When documenting this in your clinical records, what grade of laryngeal collapse would you assign to the patient? • I • II • III • IV
Grad 2 cuneiform
An 8 -month Bulldog presents to you with clinical signs of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Which of the following is NOT a recognised clinical sign associated with this condition? • Regurgitation • Cyanosis • Stertorous breathing • Change in vocalisation
Change in vocalisation