Important Topics Flashcards
Pruritic rash affecting the web spaces of the hands. Also seen with patients close contacts. Diagnosis and txmnt
Scabies
Permethrin cream
3 day old with bilious vomiting, abd distension, failure to pass meconium, and gas a stool expulsion with DRE. Diagnosis and what is the gold standard test would you use?
Hirschsprung’s disease
rectal suction biopsy
When would you use anal rectal manometry vs. rectal suction biopsy to diagnose Hirschsprung’s disease?
Rectal suction biopsy is the gold standard with higher sensitivity.
Rectal manometry is also less accurate in babies < 1 month
2 possible tests that can help diagnose upper GI obstruction?
Abd US
Upper GI series
When would you use a contrast enema for diagnosis and txmnt?
Contrast enema can help you diagnose and treat intussusception
Abd cramps, vomiting, high pitched bowel sounds, leukocytosis, and a tender groin mass. Diagnosis and txmnt
Incarcerated inguinal hernia. Requires surgical management
Management of asymptomatic primary hyperPTH?
Regular followup of calcium, Cr, and Dexa
When would you want to screen for MEN in a patient with hyperPTH?
If they are very symptomatic or if they have a FMH of MEN
Multiple erythematous plaques with central clearing beginning on the extremities. Rash name and leading cause?
Erythema multiforme caused by HSV
Difference between erythematous plaques with central clearing in erythema multiforme and erythema migrans
Migrans (Lyme disease) is slow spreading an centered around the tick bite.
Multiforme occurs faster and has multiple lesions
<30 yo with palpable breast mass. What studies do you get?
US first then mammogram if it is equivocal
< 30 yo with breast mass gets imaging that shows simple cyst. Management? What if it is a complex cyst?
Needle aspiration for simple cyst to decompress. Image guided core biopsy for complex cyst
> 30 yo with breast mass. What studies do you order? What if the initial tests make you more concerned about malignancy?
Mammogram first. Follow up with US if equivocal.
Image guided core biopsy if imaging is concerning
When do you initiate HTN meds?
Observe for 1 year with behavior modifications. Can also start if there is organ damage or a high risk comorbidity like ACS
When can physicians talk to families about organ procurement?
When they are specially trained to do so
When would you treat with racemic epinephrine? Describe symptoms
Croup
Barky cough with inspiratory stridor
Cough, post-tussive emesis, and lympocytosis. Dx and txmnt
Pertussis
treat with macrolides like azithromycin
Kid with lung issue. When would you treat with
- azithromycin
- ceftriaxone
- oseltamivir
- prednisone
- racemic epi
- pertussis
- Staph pneumonia
- Influenza
- Asthma exacerbation
- Croup
Multiple, bilateral, small, round nodules in the upper lobes on chest imaging are likely
Silicosis
Bilateral linear and reticular opacities, irregular bronchovascular thickening of the upper lobes, and enlarged mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes
Sarcoidosis
Management of asymptomatic hernias in kids.
Hernia repair electively in 1-2 weeks. Operate urgently if incarcerated
Hydrocele management
Varicocele management
Cryptorchidism management
Hydrocele- Reassurance and observation. REsolve in 1 yr
Varicocele - may require surgery in early puberty if symptomatic
Cryptorchidism - Wait until 6 months as they may descend
When would you consider giving menopausal hormone therapy? Who would you not give it to?
MHT for healthy women less than 60
Greater risk if >60, have CHD, liver disease, previous stroke or breast cancer
On dyslipidemia meds and get strep throat which is treated with antibiotics. Get muscle soreness and increased CK. What happened?
Statin induced myositis. The macrolide antibiotic cann affect statin metabolism
Increased PTT with normal PT. Possible causes with h/o bleeding. Possible causes if no hx of bleeding
Hemophilia A, B and vWF disease would all have h/o bleeding
Acquired hemophilia due to a factor VIII inhibitor if no h/o bleeding
Liver cyst with fever. No organisms on bacterial culture. Aspirate is thick, dark brown fluid like anchovy paste. Cause?
Protozoal infection with entamoeba histolytica
Txmnt of acute prostatitis?
TMP-SMX of ciprofloxacin for 6 weeks
When to surgically repair AAA? Non surgical management
- > 5.5 cm
- Increased in size more than 0.5 cm in 1 yr
- Symptomatic with back or abd pain
Re-eval w/ US or CT every 6 months
When can a pt w/ uncomplicated MI return to work?
When can a pt w/ MI and heart failure return to work?
Uncomplicated - 2 weeks
Complicated 3-4 months
Txmnt of Kawasaki Dz?
ASA and IVIG
Echo to r/o complications
Complications of Kawasaki dz
Coronary artery aneurysms
MI
Common causes of recurrent cellulitis
tinea pedis infection
lymphedema
severe venous insufficiency
3 steps for evaluating hematochezia in hemodynamically stable pts
- Colonoscopy, if no source then
- EGD, if no source then
- Capsule endoscopy or repeat EGD
4-5 steps for evaluation hematochezia if hemodynamically unstable
- Resuscitate
- +/- Surgery or IR consult
- EGD
No source and still unstable
4a. Angiography
No source, but stable
4b. Colonoscopy
No source
5b. Capsule endoscopy
Menstrual bleeding common for uterine fibroids
Heavy, regular bleeding
When would you give protamine sulfate?
To reverse heparin due to bleeding
Warfarin patient develops a serious bleed, how would you tx?
Stop warfarin
Reverse with Vitamin K and add FFP.
Long QT and short QT, what is the relationship with calcium
Long QT - hypocalcemia
Short QT - hypercalcemia
Old lady lives in a home, gets admitted to the hospital for PNA and gets antbiotics and a foley. She gets worse one day after the foley and has a few loose stools. Dx?
C. diff
Connect electrical alternans to hypotension
There is a pericardial effusion causing alternans. The cardiac tamponade is reducing flow into the right heart leading to decreased cardiac preload.
When should a patient be counseled about renal replacement therapy? What does renal replacement therapy mean?
When their GFR < 30
Renal replacement therapy means
kidney replacement, hemodialysis, or peritoneal dialysis
When do you add EPO in CKD?
when Hgb< 10
Normocytic anemia, hypercalcemia, mild renal insufficiency, and bone pain. Dx? What test should you order?
Multiple myeloma
24 hour urine protein electrophoresis
Soft, scrotal mass that increases in size with Valsalva. What are they at risk for? How would you tx?
Varicocele
At risk for testicular atrophy and infertility due to increased temp
Gonadal vein ligation in young boys w/ atrophy
NSAIDs and scrotal support in older men
Newborn has cyanosis when feeding that improves with crying. Dx? What would you do to confirm?
Choanal atresia.
Try passing a nasogastric catheter
1st step for evaluating tracheoesophageal fistula
Insert gastric catheter followed by XR
Txmnt of symptomatic, recurring, malignant pleural effusion
Large volume thoracentesis followed by chemical pleurodesis. Palliative txmnt
Parameters for lead intoxication
< 44 = mild
45-69 = moderate
>70 = severe
Lead intoxication txmnt based on severity
Contact local public health - mild
DMSA - moderate intoxication
Dimercaprol and EDTA -severe
What test should be done on a pt with PCP PNA after starting antibiotic txmnt that would affect management? Why?
What would you do?
ABG analysis
Lysis of organisms can lead to an inflammatory response that causes hypoxia
If partial pressure of O2 is <70 or alveolar-arterial gradient is >35 then give steroids
4 cases in which you would prescribe antibiotic prophylaxis prior to a invasive procedure for infective endocarditis?
- Prosthetic cardiac valves
- Previous endocarditis
- Valvulopathy in pt who received cardiac transplant
- Congenital heart dz
Txmnt for acetaminophen toxicity depending on time since ingestion
< 4hrs - activated charcoal
>4 hrs - N-acetylcysteine (NAC)
What environmental factor has the greatest increase of risk for pancreatic cancer?
Cigarette smoking
What kind of pt gets a implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) vs cardiac resynchronization therapy w/ biventricular pacemakre?
ICD- 1. Prior MI and LVEF <30%
2. NYHA Class II or III heart failure and LVEF < 35%
Biventricular pacemaker - LVEF <35% w/ long QRS
Man w/ impotence, ED, galactorrhea, and bitemporal hemianopsia. Txmnt 1st and 2nd line?
First line - dopamine agonist like bromocriptine or cabergoline
2nd line - Surgery
What is the mechanism of Factor V Leiden causing thrombophilia?
Resistance to the anti-thrombotic effect of protein C
How to treat QRS prolongation (>100 sec) in TCA OD
Give bicarbonate increases TCA binding so that it doesn’t bind Na channels
4 tests to order in an obese patient
- HgbA1c
- Lipids
- LFTs
- TSH
How does orlistat work for weight loss?
Inhibits pancreatic lipases, which decrease fat absorption and lead to diarrhea
How do you dx EHEC?
How do you tx it?
- Stool culture (sorbitol-MacConky agar)
- Shiga toxin
Tx:
Supportive therapy
Avoid abx due to risk of HUS
Triad of hemolytic uremic syndrome?
- Acute renal failure
- Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
- Thrombocytopenia
Iron and ferritin levels in iron deficiency anemia vs. thalassemia
Fe deficiency - decreased iron and ferritin
Thalassemia - Normal to increased iron and ferritin
Pregnant pt with RA. Which meds should be stopped and when
Continue hydroxychloroquine d/c methotrexate 3 months prior to pregnancy due to NTD
Screening tests for neural tube defects?
2nd trimester US and AFP
Kidney transplant pt on immunosuppressives gets AKI and biopsy shows renal tubular damage w/ prominet basophilic intranuclear inclusions. DX? Txmnt?
BK-virus induced nephropathy (Polyoma virus)
Decrease immunosuppression and possible antiviral therapy
How much of Medicaid is children?
About 50%
When should you deliver a diabetic mom with a baby weighing > 9.9 lbs, and how should the baby be delivered?
Deliver by c-section at 39 weeks
One difference between hypothyroid myopathy and inflammatory myopathy?
Hypothyroid myopathy does not have muscle soreness at baseline and may have other hypothyroid features
3 medications that would reduce the frequency of migraines
Propanolol
Valproate
Amitryptiline
(ergotamines are better to abort headaches not prevent them).
How could you reduce ventilator associated ARDS complications?
Decrease tidal volume. Prevents overdistending alveoli and causing barotrauma.
4 Ps of lichen planus
Pruritic
polygonal
planar
purple
Pt is volume down and develops hypotension after being started on a ventilator. What is the txmnt and why?
Ventilator increases intrathoracic pressure and decreases preload. Tx w/ NS bolus
What are pts with nephrotic syndrome at increased risk for?
Thrombotic event, possibly due to loss of anticoagulants in the urine.
3 risks associated w/ Parvovirus B19 in a pregnant pt
- Fetal anemia
- Hydrops fetalis
- Fetal demise
What would you do to monitor for severe complications from Parvovirus B19 in a pregnant pt
Periodic US
Elevated Iron, ferritin, and transferrin and some mild psych sxs. Dx? What test would you get?
Hereditary hemochromatosis
genetic studies looking for HFE mutation
Name an abx that can cause esophagitis?
Doxycycline
1st step if pt is haveing COPD exacerbation an impending respiratory failure?
1st - non-invasive positive pressure ventilation
2nd- Intubation
Txmnt for candida vulvovaginitis? Pregnant vs. non-pregnant
Pregnant - vaginal clotrimazole, miconaole, or nystatin
Non-pregnant - oral Fluconazole
3 causes of metabolic alkalosis w/ hypokalemia
Vomiting, diuretic use, and inherited Na wasting conditions
What bx do you worry about w/ furuncles and carbuncles? 3 meds you could use.
Clindamycin
Doxycycline
TMP-SMX
Kid w/ focal seizure. What is the gold standard evaluation?
MRI brain to evaluate for a mass
Difference in timing between a cohort study and a case-control study?
Cohort study - prospective. Follows cohort of pts split up by risk factor
Case-control - looks back retrospectively to see if those whoa developed the dz had the exposure
UC pt has cholestatic pattern liver injury, What test should you order?
Consider primary sclerosing cholangitis. Order endoscopic cholangiography
Side effects of olanzapine and clozapine
Weight gain
Metabolic effects like DM
Side effects of TCA
Anticholinergic - Dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, confusion, and urinary retention.
One sign that is different in truncus arteriosus vs. hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Truncus arteriosus would have a systolic ejection murmur
How could you keep a PDA open? How could you close it?
Prostaglandin E1
NSAIDs
Rh- Mom with 2nd Rh+ baby. If the Ab test is negative how would you treat. What if it were positive?
Anti-D IG @ 28 weeks and < 72hrs after delivery
If positive anti-D Ig will make no difference since she is already alloimmunized
1st test to order when evaluating PCOS? Next test to assess for a commonly associated syndrome?
Pelvic US
Oral glucose tolerance test to eval for DM
Txmnt for primary mitral regurg with LVEF 30-60%?
Mitral valve repair or replacement
Why is early txmnt so important in shingles?
Decreases long term complications like post-herpetic neuralgia
How long before it’s called infertility in a 30 yo F, 35 yo F?
30 - 1 year of unprotected sex
35 - 6 months of unprotected sex
Triad of disseminated gonococcal infxn
Tenosynovitis of distal extremities
Dermatitis - pustules on hands and feet
Polyarthralgia - asymmetric and migratory
Txmnt for disseminated gonoccocal infxn
IV CTX and a single dose of azithromycin
Does PEG placement improve outcomes in demeneted pts?
No proven benefit
Reflexes in Guillain-Barre? CSF findings. Txmnt?
Hyporeflexia
Increased protein and NL leukos
IVIG or plasmapharesis. Watch resp status
Txmnt for sick sinus syndrome with tachy-brady?
Pacemaker for bradycardia. Then rate control meds for tachy
Motor signs of PD and laterality
Bradykinesia
Cogwheel rigidity
Resting tremor
u/l onset and persistent asymmetry
2 causes of acute tubular necrosis
Renal ischemia
Contrast-induced nephropathy
How can you differentiate contrast-induced nephropathy from aortic atheroembolism in a pt after cardiac cath?
Contrast - muddy brown casts in urine
Atheroembolism - eosinophilia and eosinophiluria
What is BUN/Cr in prerenal azotemia?
20:1
Hematuria
Flank pain
Firm, nontender abd mass, which moves with respiration
Renal cell carcinoma
When should oral nutrition begin in a pt w/ acute pancreatitis?
As soon as they have an appetite
Frontline txmnt for chronic gout
Start allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor) Support w/ colchicine (or NSAIDs if, intolerant) for flares
Abnl thrombotic event, splenomegaly, and erythrocytosis. What test would you order to dx?
Genetic mutation analysis for JAK2 mutation. Suspicious for polycythemia vera
Txmnt for postpartum thyroiditis
Propanolol
Possible ongoing issues w/ postpartum thyroiditis?
Increased risk of persistent goiter and chronic thyroid sxs
In what kind of study would you use an odds ratio? Show odds ratio calculation.
Odds ratios can be used in case-control studies (retrospective)
(a/c)/(b/d) or ad/bc. The sums are not used in the denominator because they cross out
What meds would you give a sexual assault victim. Name organism you are treating.
- HIV: Tenofovir -emtricitabine w/ raltegravir
- Chlamydia - azithromycin
- Gonorrhea - CTX
- Trichomonas (if seen on the slide) - Metronidazole
- HBV immunoglobulin and vaccine (if non-immune)
Txmnt for gallstone pancreatitis c/b acute cholangitis? 1st step and back up
ERCP can confirm dx and remove stone
Pecutaneous cholecystostomy is reasonable if the pt has CI for ERCP
Schizophrenic w/ persistent negative sxs, but well controlled on 1st gen anti-psychotic
Social skills training not change to 2nd gen anti-psychotic
PT on SSRI has sexual dysfxn. How would you tx?
Switch to bupropion or mirtazapine; or keep SSRI and augment w/ sildenafil
Which has a greater effect on decreasing blood pressure, smoking or weight loss?
Weight loss is more significant.
Are diffuse ST elevations always present in peri-infarction pericarditis?
No. They may be affect by post-MI changes.
What is the timing for Dressler syndrome?
Several weeks after MI
What is the txmnt for viral or idiopathic pericarditis?
Colchicine or NSAIDs
Txmnt for peri-infarction pericarditis?
High dose ASA
Most common complication of bacterial conjunctivitis? Most common type of pt?
Keratitis - infection of the cornea
Most common in contact wearers
Lung cancer. When would you biopsy a hilar node vs. supraclavicular node?
Get the hilar node if the cancer is isolated to the lung
Get the supraclavicular node if there are mets
How can you distinguish a confounder from effect modification?
When stratifying results:
No effect on direction or strength = confounder
Different effects in the different stratum = effect modification
Back pain that increases w/ extension? DX?
Spinal stenosis
1st and 2nd meds in asthma exacerbation? Next steps?
SABA Then ipratropium (anticholinergic) for 1 hr
Oral or IV corticosteroids and then magnesium
Emergency contraceptivs
- Most effective
- Most effective if pt has cervicitis
- A backup oral option
- Copper IUD
- Ulipristal (antiprogestin)
- OCP
Esophageal varices causing hematemesis can be treated with what med? What can be used to prevent future hemorrhage?
Octreotide
Nonselective beta blockers like propnaolol
1st line txmnt for bacterial conjunctivitis? Contact wearers? Why?
Polymixin-trimethoprim drops or azithromycin drops
Contacts get a fluorquinolone to cover for psuedomonas
What are the 2 most important factors when considering prognosis in COPD?
Age
FEV<40
What is the difference between a physician attending a conference and a physician lecturing at a conference when it comes to accepting gifts?
Just attending - can’t get anything
Lecturing - can accept reimbursement for flight or honoraria
What V/Q scan result can help you decide that the pt doesn’t have a PE?
It has to be normal V/Q. Low or moderate probability does not r/o and must be tested further.
Paraneoplastic syndrome with Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?
Hypercalcemia due to PTHrP
Paraneoplastic syndromes associated w/ small cell lung cancer?
SIADH
What txmnt should be given to a brain dead organ donor to protect the organs? (3)
Keep euvolemic, normotensive, and normothermic.
Give IVF, demospressin, and pressors if needed
What kind of smoker should be screened for lung cancer and by what modality?
Age 55-80
30 pk yr history, either current smoker or quit w/in last 15 yrs.
Annual CT chest
Apnea of prematurity vs. periodic breathing
Periodic breathing is brief, 5-10 secs
Apnea of prematuriy is >20 secs and resolves when they hit 37 weeks
Cause of exudative effusion w/ lymphocyte predominance and increased adenosine deaminase (ADA)?
TB infxn
Chronic non-productive cough that worsens w/ exercise, forced expiration, and allergen exposure? Dx?
Cough variant asthma
3 HTN meds that can cause pancreatitis
Furosemide
chlorthalidone
Hydrochlorothiazide
What is a more subtle sign of hemodynamic instability when evaluating hematochezia? First test after resuscitating?
Orthostatic hypotension
EGD, then colonoscopy if equivocal
Definition of sensitivity?
Definition of specificity?
Sensitivity - probability of a diseased person testing +
Specificity - probability of a non-diseased person testing -
Differences on contrast enema between Hirschsprungs and meconium ileus (CF)?
Hirschsprungs - Normal or narrow colon w/ dilated large bowel
Meconium ileus - has consistent microcolon
Case fatality rate vs mortality rate?
Case fatality - proportion of people with a condition who die from that condition
Mortality rate - Probability of dying from a condition in the general population
Attack rate definition?
Proportion of people who develop a disease amongst the total population at risk
Test for identifying infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Abd US
What kind of acidosis would you expect in a pt w/ 21-hydroxylase deficiency (CAH)
Hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis
What is a risk factor for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in infants under 2 weeks?
Previous txmnt w/ azithromycin or erythromycin
In preparation for early surgery in peptic ulcer perforation what 3 things can you do in the preoperative setting?
- IVF
- Broad spectrum abx covering Gram - organisms
- PPI
Does a higher or lower negative likelihood ratio point to a lower likelihood that the disease is present?
A lower magnitude NLR means it is less likely the disease is present.
PT w/ an anal abscess is a greatest risk for developing what?
Fistula
Txmnt for dyspepsia w/ typical GERD sxs
PPI trial
Txmnt of dyspepsia w/o GERD sxs. If >60 vs. <60. If <60 what test next? Txmnt?
> 60 - endoscopy
<60 - H. pylori testing
If H. pylori + - triple therapy
If H. pylori negative Get PPI trial
What is triple therapy for H. pylori?
Omeprazole
Clarithromycin
Amoxicillin
How and when do you confirm H. pylori eradication?
Fecal antigen test or urea breath test 4 weeks later
Decreased sample size leads to an increase in Type I or Type II errors?
Increases Type II errors (Failing to reject a false null hypothesis) - false negative
What is it called when you repeat a primary study calculation after modifying certain criteria?
Sensitivity analysis
What type of study is best for infectious outbreaks or rare diseases?
Case control studies
Normal distribution. What % is w/in 1, 2, and 3 SD?
1 SD - 68%
2 SD - 95%
3 SD - 99.7%
Negatively skewed data. Order mean, median, and mode. What about for positively skewed data?
Modemedian>mean
What tests should be considered for analyzing data if you are comparing proportions? When would you use one over another?
Big sample size - Chi-square test
Small sample size - Fisher’s exact test
What test would you consider if you are analyzing your data based on the means? What helps you choose?
Paired T-test - same individual over time (dependent variable)
Student’s T-test - Independent samples w/ 2 groups
ANOVA - More than 2 groups
Type I error is?
Incorrectly concluding there is an association
Type II error is?
Incorrectly concluding there is not an association
What does 1-Beta mean?
Power of the study. Probability of accurately detecting an association
In Fe deficiency anemia what increases first, Hgb, Hct, or retic ct?
Retic ct
How can you prevent preeclampsia in those w/ increased risk
Daily ASA @ 12 wks gestation
Loss of pupillary rxn, vertical gaze paralysis, loss of optokinetic nystagmus, and ataxia. Dx?
Parinaud syndrome classic for a pineal tumor
Associated conditions w/ craniopharyngioma?
Diabetes insipidus and deficiency of 1 or more of the anterior pituitary hormones.
Blood type A or B baby born to type O 2nd time mom has hyperbilirubinemia (unconjugated) and positive direct Coombs w/in first 24hrs of life. Dx?
ABO incompatibility
Type of hyperbiliruinemia seen in biliary atresia
Increased direct bilirubin as the bili still gets conjugated. It just can’t be released.
What type of hyperbilirubinemia occurs in breast milk jaundice?
Increased indirect bilirubin
What kind of hyperbili in G6PD deficiency?
Increased indirect bili. It doesn’t get conjugated.
3 Ds of niacin deficiency
dementia
dermatitis
diarrhea
(stomatitis and cheilosis)
Erythematous, pruritic, painful rash that doesn’t respond to steroids and starts clearing from the center. Also has mild DM. Dx?
Glucagonoma
What is a herbal medication that is used to tx BPH?
saw palmetto
4 alternative meds that can increase bleeding risk?
Garlic
Ginko biloba
Ginseng
Saw palmetto
Common side effects: Statins Sulfonylureas Metformin Thiazolidione (pioglitazone)
Statins - myositis and hepatotoxicity
Sulfonylureas - hypoglycemia
Metformin - Lactic acidosis
Thiazolidione - Fluid retention due to Na reabsorption
1st test to order when assessing hypercalcemia?
PTH to determine if the increase in Ca is independent of PTH
Central hypothyroidism and hyponatremia. What tests should you perform?
Morning cortisol and since it is low you would follow up w/ ACTH level and ACTH stim test
CAH:
- Nl genitalia and HTN
- Ambigous genitalia and hypotension, Increased K
- Ambigous genitalia and HTN
- 17 alpha-hydroxylase deficiency
- 21-hydroxylase deficiency
- 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency
What hormone would you expect to be elevated in 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
17-hydroxyprogesterone
Chronic hypoparathyroidism w/ low/normal calcium and high urine calcium. Txmnt?
Give thiazide diuretic to decrease urine calcium and increase serum calcium
What kind of complications does tight glycemic controll affect?
Reduces microvascular complications like nephropathy and retinopathy
Best treatment for hyperthyroid during pregnancy? 2 answers
Propylthiouracil for the 1st trimester (may cause liver failure)
Methimazole for the 2nd and 3rd trimester (teratogen)
What lcass of medication is octreotide?
Somatostatin analog
Txmnt of sulfonylurea poisoning? 1st and 2nd line
1st - Dextrose
2nd - Octreotide - Decreases insulin secretion
3 long term complications of untreated hyperthyroidism
- Arrhythmia
- Cardiomyopathy
- Osteoporosis
Low testosterone, low FSH/LH, Elevated LFts, tan skin, and hepatomegaly. Dx? Txmnt?
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Tx w/ phlebotomy
What is penicillamine used to tx?
Wilsons dz
What disease can develop when treating w/ lithium, and how would you tx it?
Lithium induced hypothyroidism
Tx w/ continuing lithium and starting levothyroxine
3 common complications of NF1?
Optic gliomas
Scoliosis
Pseudoarthroses
MEN, syndromes:
1. 3 Ps
- 2 Ps
- 1 P
- HyperPTH
Pituitary tumor
Pancreatic tumor - Hyper PTH
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid CA, Increased calcitonin - Pheochromocytoma
Medullary thyroid CA (increased calcitonin)
Mucosal neuromas
3 things that would push you to perform Parathyroidectomy?
- Symptomatic hyperCa
- end organ complications
- Urinary Ca > 400