Important To Remember Flashcards
How does behavioral approach differ from other approaches about its assumption that it is impossible to know the thought processes or emotions experienced by another individual?
Cognitive therapy claims to know these processes in order to be able to identify distortions or errors in thought and subsequently correct these inaccuracies.
Psychoanalytic therapy claims to be able to see not just these thought processes, but beyond them into the unconscious processes of which even the client is unaware.
Person-centred therapy avoids this problem by focusing only on what has already been revealed by the client.
What are the types of Partial Reinforcement- when the reinforcement is provided only at certain times when the behaviour is exhibited?
Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement is delivered after a set number of responses
– for example, child is given a present after passing four tests at school.
Variable ratio schedule: reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses
– for example, child is given a present after passing an unspecified number of tests at school.
Fixed interval schedule: reinforcement is delivered after a set period of time has elapsed
– for example, child is given a present every Monday provided that
they are continuing to pass their tests at school.
Variable interval schedule: reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictableperiod of time has elapsed
– for example, child is given a present every so often provided that they are continuing to pass their tests at school.
What are the strenghts and shortcomings of three forces in psychology?
Behaviourist psychology focused too heavily on behaviour, thus failing to appreciate the importance of cognitive mediation.
Psychodynamic psychology focused too heavily on unconscious drives, thus failing to account for the possibility of testing cognitions empirically.
Humanist psychology relied too heavily on introspection, thus failing to allow for expert guidance and understanding.
Schedule of reinforcement such as fixed ratio schedule and variable interval schedule are best used on what situations?
When learning a behavior that is new, a fixed-ratio schedule is always best, while a variable-interval schedule is extremely resistant to extinction.
Highly effective method for learning behaviours, but can be extremely prone to extinction because the reinforcement has to be maintained constantly.
Continuous reinforcement or the reinforcement is provided every single time the behaviour is exhibited
Reinforcement is provided only at certain times when the behaviour is exhibited. Highly effective method for maintaining behaviours and extremely resistant to extinction, but can be a slow process for learning behaviours.
Partial Reinforcement
Four types of partial reinforcement schedule
Fixed ratio schedule: reinforcement is delivered after a set number of responses– for example, child is given a present after passing four tests at school.
Variable ratio schedule: reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses – for example, child is given a present after passing an unspecified number of tests at school
Fixed interval schedule: reinforcement is delivered after a set period of time has elapsed – for example, child is given a present every Monday provided that they are continuing to pass their tests at school
Variable interval schedule: reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable period of time has elapsed – for example, child is given a present every so often provided that they are continuing to pass their tests at school
It involves teaching the client with the aim of improving mental health and wellbeing.
Psychoeducation. It can be Passive-therapeutic intervention in which the therapist provides information and educational material such as leaflets, books, lectures or through a website. It can also be Active- in which the therapist provides specific advice and guidance in addition to general information and educational material. Therapist might explicitly instruct the client to engage with certain activities or complete certain tasks (sometimes homework) in order to further educate the client on psychological processes.
Imagined exposure is safer for the client while in vivo exposure is more realistic. True or False?
True
The aspects of the child’s personality get stuck at the developmental moment in which a traumatic event or unresolved confl ict occurred. For example, a young adult never leaves home, in spite of pressures from those around him to move out and move on. His parents were “always gone” when he was a child, leaving him with an array of nannies, and he became fixated on the home as a form of family connection.
Fixation
The child reverts to earlier forms of behavior in response to stress. Many parents are familiar with this phenomenon, since the birth of a baby typically causes the older sibling to regress. This is usually a temporary event, but in some cases a regression has more lasting effects.
Regression
It is a form of “action memory,” in which memories of
sequences of troublesome experience are replayed in action. A common example comes
when parents fi nd themselves disciplining a child in just the way their parents did, even
though they thought they would do it differently.
Enactment
The varied ways in which the ego keeps itself protected from painful thoughts and feelings, especially those experienced as dangerous.
Defense Mechanisms
It refers to the process of removing a painful memory or feeling from consciousness.
Repression
The patient attributes unacceptable impulses or feelings of his own to another person (or agency). Angry, controlling, sexual, or jealous feelings are frequently projected onto others. It is the major mechanism of paranoia.
Projection
