important terms to remember Flashcards
Dynasty: Ruled by Shihuang Di, Legalism, and a Centralized Bureaucracy
Qin Dynasty
Ruled by Wudi, Confucianism, and a Centralized Government
Han Dynasty
School of Thought: If you do good things, good things will come to you - Be educated to become officials + respect your elder/people around you
Confucianism
Friend to friend: Equals
Father to son: Son respects father
Ruler to subject: Subject respects ruler
Older Brother to younger brother: Younger brother respects Older brother
Husband to wife: Wife respects Husband
Five Basic Relationships, Confucianism
Confucianism - Divine respect for parents and ancestors
Filial Piety
School of Thought: You must even out the good with the bad, the lightness and darkness
Daoism/Taoism
Daoism/Taoism - In good there’s evil, in evil there’s darkness
Yin and Yang
Daoism/Taoism - Let the flow of nature take its course (similar to Yin and Yang)
Wu Wei
School of Thought: If you disobey the law, you will suffer harsh consequences - Must listen to the government and be obedient
Legalism
The methods of which Chinese Dynasties/Emperors change hands over time
Dynastic Cycle
The divine source of authority and the right to rule of China ‘s early kings and then emperors
Mandate of Heaven
Dynasty: Founded by Chandragupta Maurya who formed India’s first centralized government
Maurya Dynasty
Who influenced Chandragupta Maurya?
Alexander the Great
A universal religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama or “The Buddha”
Buddhism
Belief of Buddhism: Life is Suffering, Suffering is caused by desire, If you end desire then you will end suffering, You an end desire by practicing the Eightfold Path
Four Noble Truths
Another belief of Buddhism: Right view (perception), Right intention (right direction), Right speech, Right action, Right livelihood, Right effort (persistence), Right mindfulness (awareness), Right concentration (meditation)
The Eight Fold Path
Heaven or a release from desire or suffering, breaking the cycle of reincarnation
Nirvana
Religion very similar to Buddhism
Hinduism
Action/behavior, based on whether a person follows rules or not
Karma
The set of rules one must follow
Dharma
Rebirth of your atman, or soul
Reincarnation
The social classes what people used in India: Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisyas, Shudas………. The Untouchables (outcasts)
The Caste System
This religion had NO caste system
Buddhism
One’s texts: Embraced violence but not completely; talks about the gods and depending on whether you were very true to God or not, he will accept your wrondoings
Ashoka’s Edicts
How did Buddhism spread to China?
Silk Road and Indian Ocean Trade
Period during Greece: Isolation from the rest of the civilizations; suffered poverty and land + animals were left behind due to low population
The Dark Age
Group of People: Their ships sailed to Greece, breaking Greeks from a period of isolation; The Greeks took their alphabet and letters to use it as their own
The Phoenecians
Also known as “City-State” - consisted of an urban center with rural territory
Polis
Also known as “The top of the City”
Acropolis
Also known as “The Gathering Place”
Agora
A type of Government: The exercise of political privilege by the wealthier members of society
Oligarchy
A type of Government: The exercise of political power by all adult males
Democracy
Period during Rome: Known as the “Golden Age”
Pax Rommana
Type of Government: Citizen Participation, came BEFORE the Roman Empire (Centralized Government); Augustus builds Constantine: Conceited, “I’m the Best.”
Roman Republic
Policy used by Roman Government: Government gives the poorer citizens free food and entertainment (used as a distraction)
Bread and Circus Policy
“Founder” of Christianity
Jesus
A missionary who helped the spread of Christianity with the use of Roman roads
Paul
This religion was first ignored but then noticed by Roman officials
Christianity
This Roman emperor helps gain popularity of Christianity
Emperor Constantine
Note that there is a difference between these two time periods during the Post Classical Period
Pre-Islamic Arabia -> Mohammed
A Group of People: Inhabiting land between Syria and Mesopotamia → Supplied camels/tools and served as merchants
Arab Patrolists
Caravan city, occupies a mountain valley, and VERY important/religious to Muslims
Mecca
Nomadic kin settling in Mecca; known for trading
Quraysh
A cubical shrine with idols and a well called “Zamzam” (religious purposes)
Ka’ab
This person: Born in Mecca to the Clan of Banu Hashim; grew up as an orphan
Mohammed
In 610 C.E., Mohammed received revelations at this place from Angel Gabriel
Mt. Hira
Religion of Islam: Shahadah (profession of faith), Salat (daily prayer), Zakat (donation), Sawm (fasting), and Hajj (religious pilgramedge to Mecca)
Five Pillars of Islam
Type of Government: Caliph in charge of religion and government (1 person)
Theocracy
This Dynasty was known for: a theocratic and Arab-elite government and the spread of Islam / Arabic language
Ummayyad
This Dynasty was known for: the gradual equality of Non-Arabs and Arabs and the spread of Persian influence
Abbasid
A disagreement: Two major groups in Islam; they fought over who should/should’ve been the successor after the death of Muhammad
Sunni and Shi’a Split
This side believed it should’ve been blood descendants of Muhammad to become caliph
Shia
This side believed it could be anyone that has the ability to become caliph
Sunni
How did Islam spread throughout Africa?
Northern Africa: Conquest
Southern Africa: Trade
The Desert and Sahara region: Used this for traders to bring goods between the Eastern and Western side of Africa -
Also helped Camels
The Sahel
A ruler of the Kingdom of Mali that was known for his generosity and wealth
Mansa Musa
Mansa Musa was known for doing the Hajj and also this specific trade route between Eastern and Western Africa
Gold-Salt trade
“House of Islam”- refers to the massive expanse of Islam and how people could travel within it and still be within the “house of Islam”, like Ibn Battuta did…
Dal al-Islam
A traveler who portrayed some African Cities as filthy and dirty whilst others as clean and organized.
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Battuta’s POV (point-of-view)…
Coming from North Africa, he has a stronger connection to the Islamic World, being more conservative and traditional
This part of Africa is known for trading with Eurasian civilizations through the Indian Ocean Trade
Swahili Coast
A large movement and migration of the Bantu people from Northern Africa to Southern, Eastern, and Western Africa
The Bantu Migration
The chance of growing better crops and plants and rapidly increasing of population (too crowded)
These are CAUSES of the Bantu Migration
Formation of newer technology, language, and idea of working together
These are EFFECTS of the Bantu Migration
System of Belief: The attribution of a soul to plants and inanimate objects
Animism
Story tellers / Oral historians of traditional Africa - served as entertainers and preserved historical stories
Griots
This part of Europe was fragmented after the fall of the Roman Empire
Western Europe
This is also known as the relationships between the lords and peasants based on the manor
Manorialism
This was also known as “A Trade” - a reciprocal relationship between the King and the lower classes
Feudalism
The title where Charlemagne gets crowned by the Pope
Role of the Church
An Emperor: Ruled the Byzantine Empire during the Golden Age; Supporter of Christianity
Emperor Justinian
A piece of architecture that symbolizes the Center of religious, political, and artistic life of the Byzantine Empire
Hagia Sophia
Known as the Corpus Juris Civilis
Code of Justinian
Response of a religious war between Christians and Muslims; take over Jerusalem (Christians wanted it back from the Muslims)
The Crusades
Towards the end of the Crusades, their main goal was no longer Jerusalem; instead, they raided and robbed Christians of their wealth
The Fourth Crusade
The Three Meso-American Civilizations
Aztec, Mayan, and Inca
Mandatory service in the society of the Inca Empire
Mita
The fall of the Meso-American Civilizations were all commonly caused by…
The Spaniards and the Portuguese
Used during Chinese Dynasties: A system of testing designed to select the most studious men to become bureaucrats
Civil Service Examination
A system of government where the state officials make important decisions instead of the elected officials
Bureaucracy
A stronger form of Confucianism that tries to counteract the spread of Buddhism in China
Neo-Confucianism
During this dynasty… Buddhism was popular and well-respected: Empress Wu Zhao + Tax exemptions
EARLY Tang Dynasty
During this dynasty… Backlash against Buddhism occurred: Han Yu, Neo-Confucianism, and Emperor Wuzong
LATE Tang Dynasty
This is a prime example of a decline in Women’s status during the SONG dynasty
Foot-Binding
Level of Chinese Influence
Sinification
This Country showed: High levels of Sinification - Similarities between political systems, capitals, and Buddhist/Confucianist influence of literacy
Korea
This Country showed: Moderate levels of Sinification - Worshipped a “female Buddha” -> Tolerance of Buddhism but rejection of Confucian values
Vietnam
This Country showed: High levels of Sinification, language and combination of Buddhism with their own culture
Japan
Central of Japanese Culture; addition of nature and spirits to their culture
Shintoism
Attempt to make Japanese monarch into a Chinese-style emperor
Taika Reforms
This religion was mixed in with Buddhist beliefs by Japan
Kami Religion
A strategy: Where a place (Japan) chooses what practice they want to incorporate into their own culture
Selective Borrowing
Two females leading the first resistance movement against China (Vietnam) after being under their rule for 200 years. Today, they are still idolized and memorized.
Trung Sisters
Also known as “Mongol Peace” - A period of time of relative stability in Eurasia under the Mongol Empire
Pax Mongolica
Also known as “Mongol Peace” - A period of time of relative stability in Eurasia under the Mongol Empire
Pax Mongolia
A Venetian merchant who travelled through Asia using the Silk Road; was administered and helped by Kublai Khan
Marco Polo
Also known as “Genghis Khan” - created the largest land empire in the world - The Mongol Empire
Chinggis Khan
Founder of the Yuan Dynasty
Kublai Khan
Why was Kublai Khan successful in starting his own dynasty?
His strength and power
Wanted to reestablish the unity of China and set up his capital in what is now Beijing
Impacts of Kublai Khan
Main reason for the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty
Chinese revolted against the Mongol rule
This Dynasty was established after the Yuan Dynasty; built on a Mongol foundation
Ming Dynasty
This Dynasty collapsed because it was weak and had a disorganized government combined with peasant revolts against the government
Ming Dynasty
This person’s expeditions illustrated dominance and power of China
Zhenghe
Zhenghe’s expeditions ended, however, because…
China stopped funding his trips and focused on the interior protection of China from the Mongols
This trade occurred between Europe, Africa, and the Americas and was the exchange of disease, slaves, and new foods…
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade / Columbian Exchange
This person… devoted most of his life to protect Amerindians from exploitation
Bartolomé de Las Casas
This person… was a Spanish humanist and philosopher; against the barbaric behavior of the Amerindians
Sepulveda
The idea that there is only so much wealth in the world and that to make your kingdom stronger, you must have more gold and wealth than the other kingdoms.
Mercantilism
This period in Europe focused on the influence of humanism in art and literature
Renaissance
When the Pope gained a huge mass of power and sold indulgences to the people so their sins could be forgiven by God…
Protestant Reformation
This person was against the practice of the Church; abused the practice of the printing press to spread his 95 Theses
Martin Luther
Martin Luther wrote these in order to convince the people that the practices of the Catholic Church is wrong; used the Printing Press
95 Theses
This King is known for… breaking off from the church because he failed to have a male child, objecting against the Papacy’s authority over the English Church
King Henrey VIII
