Important Terms

Question 1

Genome

Answer 1

An organism’s full set of genes and non-coding portions of DNA

Question 2

Molecular Evolution

Answer 2

Branch of biology dealing with the relationships between structure of genes and proteins and functions of organisms

Question 3

Sequence Homology

Answer 3

Similarity due to common ancestry

Question 4

Hox Genes

Answer 4

Transcription factors that are expressed in different combinations along the length of an embryo, determining cell fates within each segment

Question 5

Homeobox

Answer 5

Common 180 base pair sequence in Hox genes and many other transcription factor genes

Question 6

Homeodomain

Answer 6

60 amino acid sequence coded by the homeobox

Question 7

Parallel Phenotypic Evolution

Answer 7

Existence of highly conserved developmental gene that make it likely that similar traits evolve repeatedly

Question 8

Pseudogene

Answer 8

Extra, non-functional copies of genes

Question 9

“Junk” DNA

Answer 9

Non-coding DNA

Question 10

Phylogeny

Answer 10

Evolutionary history of relationships among organisms or their genes

Question 11

Clade

Answer 11

Any taxon that consists of all descendents of a common ancestor

Question 12

Root

Answer 12

Common ancestor

Question 13

Synapomorphies

Answer 13

Organisms with shared derived characteristics

Question 14

Convergent Evolution

Answer 14

Similar traits due to similar selection pressures

Question 15

Ingroup

Answer 15

Organisms that make up the study group in a cladistic analysis

Question 16

Outgroup

Answer 16

Organisms that are related to the ingroup and have ancestral features for comparison

Question 17

Paleontology

Answer 17

Scientific study of prehistoric life

Question 18

Half-Life

Answer 18

Amount of time in years it takes for half of a radioisotope sample to decay

Question 19

Continental Drift

Answer 19

Continents drifting away from each other over time

Question 20

Pangaea

Answer 20

All land masses together about 250 million years ago

Question 21

Biogeography

Answer 21

Distribution of organisms throughout the planet

Question 22

Binomial Nomenclature

Answer 22

Carlos Linneaus method of naming species. First name is Genus with a capitalized noun and second name is species name with lowercase adjective

Question 23

Three Domains

Answer 23

1. Bacteria
2. Archea
3. Eukarya

Question 24

Coccus

Answer 24

Round

Question 25

Bacillus

Answer 25

Rod shaped

Question 26

Spirillum

Answer 26

Spiral shaped

Question 27

Strepto

Answer 27

Chains

Question 28

Staphylo

Answer 28

Grapelike clusters

Question 29

Diplo

Answer 29

In pairs

Question 30

Sarcina

Answer 30

Cuboidal packets of 4, 8 cells

Question 31

Binary Fission

Answer 31

No mitosis, meiosis - replicate DNA and chromosome

Question 32

Psychrophile

Answer 32

“Likes cold” -5 to 20 degrees Celsius

Question 33

Mesophile

Answer 33

“Likes normal temperatures” 20 to 45 degrees Celsius

Question 34

Thermophile

Answer 34

“Likes hot temperatures” 45+ degrees Celsius

Question 35

Aerobe

Answer 35

Need oxygen for respiration

Question 36

Anaerobe

Answer 36

Killed in presence of oxygen and fermentation produces ATP

Question 37

Facultative

Answer 37

Can make ATP by respiration or fermentation

Question 38

Microaerophile

Answer 38

Prefer lower 02 and higher CO2

Question 39

Gamma Radiation, X-rays

Answer 39

Produce free radicals

Question 40

UV Radiation

Answer 40

Produce thymine dimers and have lower penetrability

Question 41

Modes of Nutrition for Bacteria

Answer 41

1. Autotrophic
2. Heterotrophic
3. Decomposing

Question 42

Bacterial Motility

Answer 42

1. Flagella
2. Axial filament (endoflagella)
3. Gas Vesicles (move by filling and deflating air pockets)

Question 43

Endospore

Answer 43

Metabolically inactive dormant structure produced by some bacteria species

Question 44

Environmental Applications of Bacteria

Answer 44

1. Sanitary landfill
2. Composting
3. Bioleaching of minerals
4. Bioremediation
5. Sewage treatment