Important Terms

Question 1

involve a conflict between immediate self-interest and longer-term collective interests

Answer 1

Social Dilemmas

Question 2

situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Answer 2

Social Trap

Question 3

any shared resource like air, water, energy sources, and food supplies

Answer 3

Commons

Question 4

tendency for people to overemphasize personal characteristics (disposition) and underestimate situational factors when explaining someone else’s behavior

Answer 4

Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 5

motive often change

Answer 5

Evolving motives

Question 6

two sides’ profits and losses need not add up to zero, both can win; both can lose

Answer 6

Outcomes need not sum to zero

Question 7

predict tolerance

Answer 7

Contact

Question 8

goals that unite all in a group and require cooperative effort

Answer 8

Subordinate goals

Question 9

foundation for resolving disagreements

Answer 9

Communication

Question 10

seeking an agreement through direct negotiations between parties

Answer 10

Bargaining

Question 11

attempt by a neutral third party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communications and offering suggestions

Answer 11

Mediation

Question 12

win-win agreements that reconcile both parties’ interests to their mutual benefits

Answer 12

Integrative Agreements

Question 13

Mediator aims to replace
win-lose cooperation with a win-win orientation,
adding them to set aside their conflict and instead think
about each other’s needs, interests, and goals.

Answer 13

Win-lose to Win-win

Question 14

resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who
studies both sides and imposes a settlement.

Answer 14

Arbitration

Question 15

Bring two disputing sides together to discuss the
problem with the aim of reaching an agreement

Answer 15

Conciliation

Question 16

The basic idea is that one side can initiate de-escalation
by making a small, unilateral (one-sided) concession to
the other side

Answer 16

GRIT (Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension
Reduction)

Question 17

Behavior undertaken to help another individual, and for
which an internal or external reward may be received

Answer 17

Prosocial Behavior

Question 18

These are prosocial actions that serve
self-benefitting purposes.

Answer 18

Proactive

Question 19

These are actions that are performed in
response to individual needs.

Answer 19

Reactive

Question 20

These include actions that are meant to
help others without any expectations of personal gain.

Answer 20

Altruistic

Question 21

Behaviors that harms others, and often manifested in
total disregard to others and how they feel

Answer 21

Antisocial Behavior

Question 22

when
individuals treat others in a harsh way, are indifferent
to what others are feeling, and agitate others with no
feeling of remorse or guilt.

Answer 22

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

Question 23

Kin selection suggests that helping family
members increases the survival chances of
shared genes.

Answer 23

Evolutionary Influences (Kin Theory)

Question 24

Prosocial actions can boost self-image, lead to
reciprocal kindness, and provide a sense of
fulfillment

Answer 24

Personal Benefits

Question 25

The norm of reciprocity encourages helping
others, as it increases the likelihood of
receiving help in return.

Answer 25

Reciprocal Behavior

Question 26

Prosocial behaviors are often fostered during
childhood through encouragement and
modeling.

Answer 26

Socialization

Question 27

If someone feels empathy or compassion, they
are more likely to help without expecting
anything in return

Answer 27

Empathy-Altruism

Question 28

More likely to engage in prosocial behavior,
even when there are no others around or no
benefit to their reputation

Answer 28

Altruistic Personality

Question 29

Tendency people have to behave like those
around them rather than using their own
personal judgment

Answer 29

Conformity Bias

Question 30

Feelings play a major role in most of the
decisions made and it’s impossible to make
any decisions without emotions..

Answer 30

Moral Emotions

Question 31

The more people who are around, the less
personal responsibility people feel in a
situation.

Answer 31

Diffusion of Responsibility

Question 32

refers to what societies sanction as
right and acceptable, and most people tend to
act morally and follow societal guidelines

Answer 32

Morals