Important Terms Flashcards
a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions
Need to Belong
act of excluding or ignoring someone from a group or society as a form of social control or social rejection
Ostracism
a form of emotional abuse that leads people to feel deflated and stressed
Silent treatment
geographical nearness or functional distance that powerfully predicts liking
Proximity
tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them
Mere Exposure
the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a good match in attractiveness and other traits
Matching Phenomenon
presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well what is beautiful is good
Physical-Attractiveness Stereotype
whatever the people of any given place and time find attractive
Attractiveness
tends to make us see those we like as being like us
False Consensus Bias
popularly supposed tendency, for each to complete what is missing in the other
Complementary
the use of strategies such as flattery by which people seek to gain another’s favor
Ingratiation
theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events
Reward Theory of Attraction
consist of three components: passion, intimacy, commitment
Love
the closeness each partner feels to the other and the strength of the bond that binds them together,
Intimacy
based on romantic feelings, physical attraction, and sexual intimacy with the partner
Passion
represents cognitive factors such as acknowledging that one is in love and committed to maintaining the relationship
Commitment
emotional, exciting and intense
Passionate Love
affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined
Companionate Love
powerful survival impulse, deep connection that provides security, comfort, and a sense of belonging
Attachment
attachment rooted in trust and intimacy
Secure attachment
attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to being close to others
Avoidant Attachment
attachment marked by anxiety or ambivalence
Anxious attachment
condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it
Equity
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Self-disclosure
tendency for one person’s intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner
Disclosure Reciprocity
motive to increase another’s welfare without conscious regard for one’s self-interests
Altruism
theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs
Social-exchange Theory
helping boost to self-worth
Do Good/Feel Good Effect
a self-serving motive to increase one’s own welfare
Egoism
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
Reciprocity Norm
the mutual support and cooperation enabled by a social network
Social Capital
an expectation that people will help those needing help
Social-Responsibility Norm
use the behavior of others as a guide to interpret the situation
Informational Influence
tendency to overestimate others’ ability to read our internal states
Illusion of transparency
a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders
Bystander Effect
When multiple people witness an
emergency, the responsibility to help is
spread among them, reducing the
likelihood that any individual will take
action.
Responsibility Diffusion
a personality trait that refers to an individual’s ability to regulate their behavior to fit different social situations
Self-Monitoring
The perception of certain
individuals or groups as outside the boundary
within which one applies moral values and rules of
fairness.
Moral Exclusion
personality trait that best predicts willingness to help
Agreeableness
regarding others as within one’s
circle of moral concern.
Moral Inclusion
refers to observing and learning from the actions of others
Real-life Modeling
refers to the idea that prosocial media can positively influence viewers’ behavior, promoting altruism and empathy
Media Modeling
the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing
Over justification effect
