Important People

Question 1

Made the earliest MICROSCOPIC(by Galileo) observations on bees and weevils

Answer 1

Francesco Stelluti (1625&1630)

Question 2

• FIRST TRUE MICROBIOLOGIST
• “animalcules”
• First to accurately observe and describe microorganism
• Used his self-made single lens with 50-300x magnification

Answer 2

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

Question 3

Life arouse from non-living matter

Answer 3

Spontaneous generation

Question 4

Simpler invertebrates could arise from spontaneous generation

Answer 4

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Question 5

• maggots do not arise spontaneously from decaying meat

- serious blow to belief of nonlife to life

Answer 5

Francesco (1626-1697)

Question 6

Proposed that ORGANIC MATTER possessed “VITAL FORCE” that could give rise to life
-boiled mutton broth ➡️ cloudy(microorganisms)

Answer 6

John Needham (1748)

Question 7

Proved Needham using boiled water and seeds

“No growth” as long as it is sealed

Answer 7

Lazzaro Spallanzi (1729-1799)

Question 8

Living cells can rise can rise only from PREEXISTING living cells

Answer 8

Biogenesis

Question 9

Biogenesis

Answer 9

Rudolf Virchow (1858)

Question 10

Air pass through a red -hot tube didn’t produce growth

Answer 10

Theodore Schwann (1810-1882)

Question 11

No growth after allowing air to pass through sterile cotton wool placed in a flask of heat-sterilized medium

Answer 11

Goerg Friedrich Schroder and Theodore Von Dusch

Question 12

1 resolve the issue of spontaneous generation
2 air carries microorganisms
3 microorganisms can be present on nonliving
4 HEAT STERILIZATION
5 living did not came from nonliving

Answer 12

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Question 13

Heat resistant bacterial spores

Answer 13

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 14

Tyndillization: 3 day sterilization

*dust carry germs that contaminate sterile broth

Answer 14

John Tyndall (1820-1893)

Question 15

Pasteur’s Contribution to Science

Answer 15

1 disproved spontaneous generation
2 develop vaccines against Anthrax (1881) and rabies (1885)
3 improved the wine industry (theory of fermentation) : In the absence of air yeasts convert sugar to alcohol

Question 16

Created a porcelain bacterial filter (1884)

Develop anthrax vaccine with Pasteur

Answer 16

Charles Chamberland

Question 17

The Germ Theory of Disease

Answer 17

Microorganisms might cause disease

Question 18

ANTISEPTIC SYSTEM OF SURGERY

use phenol for treating surgical wounds and spray phenol over the surgical area

Answer 18

Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

Question 19

1 first proof that bacteria cause disease
2 discovered BACILLUS ANTHRACIS: causative agent of anthrax (1876-1877)
3 discovered MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS (1882)
4 first to culture bacteria in boiled potatoes, gelatin and used meat extracts and protein digests for cultivation
5 develop culture media for observing growth of bacteria isolates from human body

Answer 19

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Question 20

Koch’s postulates 1884

Answer 20

1 microorganisms are in sick individuals
2 suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in a pure culture
3 same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
4 the same organism must be isolated again from the diseased host

Question 21

WITH KOCH:

Fannie Eilshemius Hesse

Answer 21

Suggested the USE OF AGAR as a solidifying agent

Question 22

WITH KOCH:

Richard Petri

Answer 22

PETRI DISH PLATE

Question 23

WITH KOCH:

Martinus Beijerinck and Sergie Winogradsky

Answer 23

Developed the ENRICHMENT-CULTURE TECHNIQUE and the use of selective media

Question 24

Against SMALL POX

*scrappings from cowpox and scratched it into a healthy individual using a needle

Answer 24

Edward Jenner (1749-1823)

Question 25

Used the term VACCINE: use of avirulent microorganisms | Used ATTENUATED CULTURE KNOWN AS VACCINE

Answer 25

Pasteur

Question 26

Prepared antitoxins for diphtheria and tetanus

Answer 26

Emil Von Behring

Question 27

Treatment of disease using chemical substances | For chemical treatment of noninfectious diseases

Answer 27

Chemotherapy

Question 28

CHEMOTHERAPY | Prepared from chemicals in the laboratory

Answer 28

Synthetic drugs

Question 29

CHEMOTHERAPY | Produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against microorganisms

Answer 29

Antibiotics

Question 30

Discovered SALVARSAN(ARSPHENAMINE) for treatment of syphilis

Answer 30

Paul Ehrlich

Question 31

Discovered PENICILLIN (penicillium notatum)

Answer 31

Alexander Flemming

Question 32

Made the purification process for penicillin

Answer 32

Howard Foley and Ernst Chain

Question 33

Disease was caused by invisible living creatures

Answer 33

Girolamo Fracastoro (98-55 BC)

Question 34

First classification of bacteria

Answer 34

Muller (1786)

Question 35

Cell theory

Answer 35

Schwann and Schleiden (1838-1839)

Question 36

Phagocytosis

Answer 36

Metchnikoff 1884

Question 37

Grams stain

Answer 37

Hans Christian Gram 1884

Question 38

Complement is discovered by

Answer 38

Bordet 1895

Question 39

Malaria is carried by mosquito

Answer 39

Ross 1896

Question 40

Yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes

Answer 40

Reed 1900

Question 41

Treponema pallidum causes syphilis

Answer 41

Schaudinn and Hoffman 1906

Question 42

First Transmission Electron Microscope

Answer 42

Ruska 1933

Question 43

Divided living into prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Answer 43

Chatton (1937)

Question 44

Streptomycin

Answer 44

Waksman (1944)

Question 45

Yellow fever vaccine

Answer 45

Theiler 1951

Question 46

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) technique is developed by

Answer 46

Yalow (1954)

Question 47

Structure of DNA

Answer 47

Crick and Watson (1962)

Question 48

Identified and isolated HIV

Answer 48

Gallo and Montagnier (1983-84)

Question 49

Discovered PCR

Answer 49

Mullis (1983-84)