Important Organisms/Groups

Question 1

chordata

Answer 1

all vertebrates plus a couple ones without vertebrae (vertebrates are nested among them)

Question 2

arthropoda

Answer 2

insects, milipedes, crustaceans, scorpions, trilobytes, barnacles

Question 3

annelida

Answer 3

worms, polychetes, tubeworms, but not all worms are annelids

Question 4

mollusca

Answer 4

gastropod (snails), bivalves (clams), ammonites, cephalopods (octopi)

Question 5

brachiopoda

Answer 5

different axis of symmetry than clams, the feathery lophophore structure inside

Question 6

cnidaria

Answer 6

jellyfish, corals, seapens that look like ediacaran animals, sea anemoneas

Question 7

echinodermata

Answer 7

sea cucumbers, sea urchins, sea stars, crinoids

Question 8

hemichordata

Answer 8

acorn worms, graptolites, closely related to chordates but lack notochords, very rare today

Question 9

bryozoa

Answer 9

moss animals, lophophores instead of stingers that sea anemones have, resemble corals under microscopes

Question 10

sponges

Answer 10

they’re just different, y’know

Question 11

bryophytes

Answer 11

mosses, hormworts, liverworts, appeared mid-Ordovician

non-vascular plants

Question 12

pteridophytes

Answer 12

ferns, horsetails, lycopods, ryniospids, appeared mid-Silurian
(vascular, spored, non-flowering plants)

Question 13

gymnosperms

Answer 13

cycads, ginkos, connifers, gnetophytes, appeared Devonian

early naked-seeded, cone-bearing plants

Question 14

angiosperms

Answer 14

aborella, monocots, magnolids, eudicots, appeared much later

fully flowering, seeded plants

Question 15

crown group

Answer 15

branch in a tree bounded by living members

Question 16

stem group

Answer 16

consisting only of dead (extinct) animals

Question 17

polyphyletic

Answer 17

grouping that doesn’t follow evolutionary lineage, for example, warm-blooded animals (birds and mammals)

Question 18

paraphyletic

Answer 18

most of the descendants of a common ancestor minus a couple monophyletic groups, for example, fish (since a bunch of descendants of fish today aren’t considered fish)

Question 19

monophyletic

Answer 19

one ancestor and all its descendants