Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Arms & disarm. Midterm > Important info > Flashcards

Important info Flashcards

1
Q

What is the classic purpose of arms control?

A

*All the forms of military cooperation between potential enemies in the interest of reducing the likelihood of war, its scope and violence if it occurs, and the political and economic costs of being prepared for it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Does arms control require mutual interest?

A

Yes, but not the same interests
-Trust in the value of engaging but not verification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Forms of arms control?

A

Legally binding v Not
Bilateral, Unilateral, Multilateral
Symmetric or asymmetric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is verification?

A

-Assessing compliance
-Monitoring mechanisms also provide information about adversaries that might be difficult to gain otherwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a nuclear warhead?

A

explosive & Nuclear material (plutonium or highly enriched uranium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are nuclear delivery vehicles

A

*Intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine launched ballistic missiles, or bombers on aircrafts
*Nuclear weapons: nuclear warhead & the vehicle it is on

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the countries with nuclear weapons?

A

*Russia, US, China, UK, France, Pakistan, Israel, India, and North Korea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is disarmament a goal?

A

It is desirable internationally, prevents the consequences of large scale nuclear war, prevents accidents, seen as IMMORAL, not as useful against terrorism, cyberattacks, and civil conflicts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why is disarmament hard to coordinate?

A

Not all countries want the same thing such as number of nuclear weapons or verification measures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why may some be against disarmament?

A
  • Can’t get rid of knowledge entirely
    *How to prevent rearmament?
    *How irreversible does it need to be?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are challenges to arms control today?

A
  • US domestic politics
  • China’s growing arsenal
  • Verification challenges for future arms control
  • Emerging technologies
    o Space
    o AI
    o Disinformation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Why are arms control agreements so rare?

A

Because it is hard to get the right balance of transparency and secrecy; MORE is not always a good thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is the transparency tradeoff always severe?

A

Yes and No
oSevere when capabilities are easy to conceal/hard to detect
oLess severe when cheating can be easily detected and/ or there is strong unilateral monitoring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is unilateral verification

A

the other side doesn’t have to voluntarily give info because you have spy tech
oSatellites, radar, and electronic surveillance capabilities
oDoesn’t necessarily require a treaty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is cooperative monitoring?

A

-Onsite inspections and data reporting
-Usually requires a treaty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Hedley Bull’s main argument about arms control and world order?

A

oArgument: bilateral arms control serves the interest of the states involved but does not improve the security of other states as well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Arms control as an advantage?

A

*Argument: arms control can create or lock-in one state’s military advance
*Example: anti-ballistic missile treaty as an opportunity to preserve the US nuclear advantage
Overtime did not provide as much advantage as it was thought it would preserved stability and equated vulnerability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Arms control as a wedge?

A
  • Strategy of accommodation: a state can accommodate another country to oppose another
  • Argument: arms control negotiations with one adversary can drive or deepen a wedge between that adversary and one of its partners/allies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the Jackson amendment?

A

a condition set on an approval, in this case SALT
-approve salt only under condition that all treaties with US and USSR have equal limits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which treaty did congress not ratify?

A

Salt II & Comprehensive test ban treaty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How did China’s domestic politics change?

A

Under Mao, China saw NW as a deterrent and was not scared. Under Jingping, there was a massive build of China’s arsenal

22
Q

What did New Start do?

A

-Limits some new Russian delivery vehicles that did not exist when the treaty was negotiated
-extended until 2026
*Freedom to mix among ICBMs, SLBMs, and bombers
*Extensive data exchange and on-site inspections
*Bilateral consultative commission to work out disagreements
-RUSSIA SUSPENDED COMPLIANCE IN 2023

23
Q

What is the US strategic posture commission report?

A

*The current strategy is not working to defend vital interests and improve strategic stability with China and Russia
*Called for more nuclear weapons
*Doesn’t talk about Russian and China’s response `

24
Q

What was the Start Treaty?

A

*1600 deployed intercontinental ballistic missiles, submarine ballistic missiles, and heavy bombers for each side
*6000 nuclear warheads on ICBMs, SLBM, and heavy bombers, with maximums per missile type
*Verification through national technical means and on-site inspections
*1992 Lisbon Protocol: Ukraine, Belarus, and Kazakhstan become parties to START and commit to join NPT as nonnuclear weapon states
*Expired December 2009

25
Q

What did the Presidential Nuclear Initiatives do?

A

*Removes almost all us tactical weapons from Europe
*Unilateral reductions: reciprocity was not required
*No verification
*Domestic politics: Senate opposed spending on nuclear weapons

26
Q

What was the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty?

A

*Bans all nuclear explosions
*Unusual treaty structure: 44 specific states must ratify before treaty enters into force (36 have ratified)
*Never ratified by US (congress did not approve ratification) but IS complies with it
*International monitoring system set up to detect nuclear tests
*Russia withdrew in 2023

27
Q

What was the Strategic Offensive Reduction Treaty?

A

*Russia wanted a legally binding treaty similar to START; US did not
*Compromise: legally binding treaty limiting each side to 1700-2200 strategic nuclear warheads
oCan meet that limit however they want
oNo detailed verification provisions
oNo agreed definition of strategic nuclear warheads

28
Q

What was the Budapest Memorandum

A

Ukraine gives up nuclear weapons in exchange for security assurances from US, UK, and Russia
oAlso join NPT as a nonnuclear state

29
Q

What is Nun-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction?

A

*Removed all nuclear missiles and warheads located in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine
-Project sapphire removed 1320 lbs. of weapons-grade uranium from Kazakhstan
-Megatons to megawatts program down blended uranium and plutonium for energy
*Provided civilian employment for 22,000 former nuclear scientists
*The US safely transports the nuclear weapons back to Russia to be used back on US

30
Q

Why was South Africa unique?

A

oBegan exploring nuclear energy program in 1960s
o1974? Start weaponization program
oLate 1970s: conducts secret nuclear test VELA incident
o1980s: built 6 uranium nuclear bombs
o1992: shut down nuclear test site and uranium enrichment facility, joins NPT
o1993: announces past nuclear weapons program
-invited the IAEA to inspect and verify details to give assurance that program was dismanteled

31
Q

What was the Hotline Agreement of 1963?

A

oPreviously no means of direct, secure communication between heads of US and USSR during a crisis
oSpurred by Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962)
Communication through regular diplomatic channels was slow and confused despite the urgency of the crisis
oIntended to reduce risks of misperception
and miscommunication

32
Q

What was the Limited Test Ban Treaty of 1963?

A

o Prohibits nuclear weapons tests “or any other nuclear explosion” in the atmosphere, outer space, and underwater
o Driven by concern over human + environmental impacts of nuclear tests
o Preceded by moratorium on testing 1959-1961
o Verification with national technical means only

33
Q

What was the SALT treaty 1972?

A

oFroze the number of missile launchers the United States and the Soviet Union could maintain (1,054 ICBM silos for US; 1,618 silos for USSR)
oLimit on further buildup of SLBM launchers (710 for US; 950 for USSR)
oVerified through national technical means
oWarheads not counted; assumed each launcher contains one warhead

34
Q

What was the ABM treaty of 1972?

A

oABM system could allow one side to launch a first strike and then prevent the other from retaliating by shooting down incoming missiles
oLimited missile defenses to 200 interceptors per side and two missile defense sites (to protect the national capital and to protect one ICBM field)
oAcceptance of mutually assured destruction
oUS withdrew from treaty in 2002 and began reinvesting in missile defense

35
Q

What was the SALT II treaty of 1979?

A

-Limit on weapons
-Ban on new land-based ICBMs
oNever entered into force but both
sides followed its terms
oUS withdrew its commitment in
1986 citing concerns over USSR’s
compliance

36
Q

What was the INF treaty of 1987?

A

oShift from caps on further growth to reductions of existing stockpiles
oBanned all ballistic missiles and cruise missiles with a range between 300-3,400 miles
oBoth nuclear and conventional
oOn-site inspections + verification by national technical means
oUS raises concerns about Russian
noncompliance beginning in 2014
o US withdraws in 2019; Russia follows

37
Q

What were nuclear risk reduction centers of 1987?

A

o Secure communication
channel to transmit
notifications required by
treaties + agreements
oEstablished to reduce the
risk of conflict or accidental
nuclear war between the US
and Russia that might result
from miscalculations or

38
Q

What were similarities across cold war arms control?

A

*Focus is on maintaining stability; reducing incentives and ability to launch a devastating first strike
*Reductions of existing
weapons not until 1980s
*Legally binding treaties
*Bilateral (except LTBT)
*Verification through
national technical means
(except INF)
*Restricted in scope

39
Q

What drives different bureaucracies in arms control decisions?

A

o such as money and influence
o independence decision making
o funding
o relative prestige/importance

40
Q

What is the department of state’s role?

A

o Bilateral relations with other countries
o Leads negotiation of arms control initiatives

41
Q

What is the DOD role?

A

o Nuclear deterrence strategy
o Production and operation of nuclear weapons delivery vehicles

42
Q

What is the Department of energy national nuclear security administration (NNSA)’s role?

A

o Production of nuclear weapons parts
o Assuring reliability of nuclear arsenal without testing

43
Q

What are intelligence agencies role?

A

o Monitoring compliance via national technical means

44
Q

What is the National security council/national security advisor’s role?

A

oCoordinates interagency on arms control policy
oAdvises the president

45
Q

what is is hierarchy in china (domestic)

A

o CCP
o People’s liberation army
o PLA rocket force (responsible for nuclear missiles)
o Ministry of foreign affairs

46
Q

Treaty of Prohibition on Nuclear Weapons?

A

oFrustration with status quo in NPT: nonnuclear weapon states viewed nuclear weapon states as making insufficient progress towards their disarmament commitments
-Treaty Requirements
Requires IAEA safeguards
Prohibits development, resting, production, acquisition, possession, stockpiling using or threatening to use nuclear weapons
Does not specify how disarmament would take place or be verified
Assistance for victims of nuclear testing and environmental remediation
oFirst new multilateral treaty on nuclear weapons in over 15 years
oSupported by international campaign to abolish nuclear weapons
oRatified by 70 states and 23 have signed but not ratified

47
Q

what is the Acheson-Lilienthal report?

A

-Called for the creation of International Atomic development authority to oversee:
*Mining & use of fissile materials
*Operation of all nuclear facilities that could produce weaponry
*Authority to dispense licenses to countries wishing to pursue peaceful nuclear research
-Dual purpose of preventing dangerous activities and encouraging peaceful nuclear research

48
Q

What is the Baruch Plan of 1946?

A

*Proposed stripping UNSC members of their veto power on issue of UN sanctions against countries engaged in prohibited activities
*International agency would license and inspect uranium mining operations but not own them (National ownership)
-Presented to UN atomic energy commission
-USSR nuclear testing in 1949 ended consideration of this plan

49
Q

The importance of the Reykjavik Summit (1986)?

A

-Reagan and Gorbachev agree in 1985 that a nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought
-1986: G sends R a letter with a three stage plan for nuclear disarmament by 2000
-Many in US gov disregard as propaganda
-Reagan takes it seriously and responds with counterproposals
-G proposes eliminating all strategic nuclear forces by 1996 and no withdrawal from ABM treaty during this period
-Summit fails due to disagreements over missile defense
-Leads to 1987 INF treaty which bans all intermediate range missiles

50
Q

What created the IAEA in 1957?

A

Atoms for peace speech

Arms & disarm. Midterm (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions