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Important Exam Topics > Important Exam Topics > Flashcards

Important Exam Topics Flashcards

1
Q

Actinic keratosis
What is it?
Symptoms?
Risk factors?
Treatment?

A

Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma, skin cancer
Symptoms: rough, scaly, tan, pink
risk factors: prolong sun exposure
Treatment: 5FU or cryotherapy

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2
Q

Sehborhic keratosis
What is it?
What does it look like?
Treatment?

A

Benign non-cancerous
What it looks like: pasted on lesions
Treatment: nothing

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3
Q

Erythema migrans
What is it? Describe

A

Lyme disease
bull’s-eye lesion

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4
Q

Erythema infectiosium
What is it?
Describe

A

Fifths disease
“Slapped cheek rash”
* “fifth” for the 5 fingers that slap a cheek

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5
Q

What are symptoms of retinal detachment?

A

Painless
Blurry vision
Flashes of light, floaters, “curtain pulled over field of vision”
Send to ED

*the curtain detached from the wall so theres flashes and floaters coming through the window.

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6
Q

What are symptoms of acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

PAINFUL
Increased ICP
blurry vision
firm eye

send to ED

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7
Q

What is the virus that causes mono?

A

Epstein barr virus

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8
Q

What is the treatment for mono?

A

Symptomatic treatment only.

Symptoms may be fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, fever

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9
Q

How do you diagnose mono?

A

Monospot blood test to diagnose and then do an ultrasound before contact sports because the blood test can remain positive for a while

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10
Q

What is the bacteria that causes strep?

A

Group A streptococcus

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11
Q

What are symptoms of strep and how do you treat it?

A

Palatine petechiae
interior cervical lymphadenopathy
Enlarged tonsils

Treatment: amoxicillin

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12
Q

How do you diagnose strep?

A

Rapid strep test

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13
Q

If a patient has strep and mono, how do you treat it and what do you avoid?

A

Treatment: azithromycin (macrolide)
Keflex, cephelexin (cephalosporin)
or Penicillin VK

You cannot prescribe amoxicillin because it will cause a milbiliform rash.

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14
Q

What is an example of a TZD drugs?

A

Pioglitazone (Actos)

  • all the drugs in this class and in zone. Think danger zone because theres mutiple contraindications to taking them.
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15
Q

What are contraindications for the use of Pioglitazone (Actos) a TZD used for diabetes type 2 management?

A

Heart failure, liver failure, and bladder cancer.

  • these drugs cause fluid retention and can lead to peripheral edema
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16
Q

What are examples of thiazide diuretics and which one is cardioprotective?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone

chlorthalidone is cardioprotective.

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17
Q

What are the indications for use of the thiazide diuretic?

A

Used mainly for hypertension and sometimes used for heart failure to treat edema.

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18
Q

What are symptoms of scabies?

A

Hallmark features: worse at night and linear burrows
Pruritus in webs of fingers, inner thighs, or armpits

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19
Q

What is the treatment for scabies?

A

Permethrin cream all over the body ( use again one to two weeks later).
Treat the entire household.
Wash all clothes and bed linens in hot water.

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20
Q

What is enterobiasis? And how is it spread?

A

Pinworms, spread fecal oral route

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of enterobiasis?

A

Intense pruritus in perianal area

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22
Q

How do you diagnose and treat enterobiasis?

A

Diagnose: Tape test in the morning (up to 3 days if needed)
Treatment: Mebendazole
Wash all bedding and linens in hot water
Treat ENTIRE household.

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23
Q

What are some similarities with scabies and pinworms?

A

Intense pruritus (although the location differs), and you treat the entire household for both.

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24
Q

What are some similarities with the somogyi effect vs Dawn phenomenon?

A

Both result in hyperglycemia upon awakening.

In order to diagnose, you will have the patient check their blood glucose around 2 AM for multiple nights. If it’s low then you know its somogyi effect.

25
Q

What is the somogyi effect? Causes? Treatment?

A

Hypoglycemia around 2 AM then followed by hyperglycemia upon awakening.

Causes: not eating enough before bed, too much insulin at night, working out too late.

Treatment: eat a snack before bed, avoid vigorous nighttime activity, and lower nighttime insulin dose

26
Q

What is Don phenomenon? causes? Treatment?

A

Steady rise and blood glucose throughout the night
Causes: Typically increased growth hormone
Treatment: increase nighttime insulin dose

27
Q

What are the symptoms of rocky mountain spotted fever? Treatment?

A

Fever, rash on hands and feet
Treatment: doxycycline regardless of age

*think “patient climbs a mountain with their hands and feet”

28
Q

What are the symptoms for Lyme disease? Treatment?

A

Bullseye lesion
Doxycycline, amoxicillin if pregnant

Also called erythema migrans

29
Q

What is St. John’s wart used for? What must you monitor?

A

Used for Depression
monitor for serotonin syndrome, interacts with SSRI

30
Q

What are symptoms of serotonin syndrome?

A

Confusion, headache, diarrhea, dilated pupils, sweating, tachycardia

31
Q

What are two key findings that might be worded in a question for an ACL injury?

A

Automatic swelling, loud pop at time of injury

32
Q

How do you diagnose an ACL injury?

A

Lachman and anterior drawer test

33
Q

What are symptoms of a meniscus tear?

A

Knee is locking up
pain is not immediate
usually delayed swelling
sometimes patient can continue working out

  • your meniscus helps stabilize the knee joint. Injury is usually due to twisting with weight on the knee.
34
Q

How do you diagnose a meniscus tear?

A

McMurray and apley grind test

*both end with Y

35
Q

What are symptoms of chronic Venus insufficiency?

A

“VEINY”

V: very great pulses
E: edematous
I: indistinct shaped wounds
N: no severe pain (dull pain)
Y: yucky, brown, discolored ankles

36
Q

What is the treatment for chronic Venus insufficiency?

A

Compression stockings
Leg elevation

*remember patient will still have pulses in their feet

37
Q

What does fidelity mean?

A

Faithful
keeps promises
Example: calling a patient when we say we are going to

38
Q

What is veracity?

A

Truthfulness
Being honest, clear
Example: being truthful about a bad diagnosis

39
Q

Explain presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy

A

Presumptive: nausea, vomiting, amenorrhea, quickening

Probable: “HCG” positive pregnancy test, hegar sign ( softening of lower part of utertus), chadwick (bluish discoloration), Goodells (softening of cervix).

Positive: ultrasound, fetal heart tones

40
Q

What are the symptoms of lichen simplex chronicus? Treatment?

A

Skin appears leathery or rubbery
Chronic itching
Usually due to a topic dermatitis
Treatment: topical steroids, antihistamines, moisturizer

41
Q

What are symptoms of lichen sclerosis?

A

Thin white patches in genital and anal areas
tearing during intercourse
bleeding

Most common in menopausal women

Treatment: high potency topical steroid (clobetasol)

42
Q

What are patients at a higher risk for with lichen sclerosis?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

43
Q

What conditions will you hear an S3 heart sound?

A

Pregnancy
heart failure
athletes

*due to additional fluid

44
Q

When will you hear an S4 heart sound?

A

Uncontrolled hypertension
left ventricular hypertrophy
Normal finding in older adults

45
Q

Closing of the semi lunar valves (aortic, and pulmonic) is which heart sound?

A

S2

46
Q

What is the alternate name for enteriobiasis?

A

Pinworms

47
Q

What is the alternate name for stye?

A

Hordelum

48
Q

What is the alternate name for measles?

A

Rubeola

49
Q

What is the alternate name for otitis media?

A

Swimmers ear

50
Q

What is the alternate name for temporal artertits?

A

Giant cell arteritis

51
Q

When assessing a patient who is down syndrome to be cleared for sports what are you looking for?

A

Your checking for cervical spine instability specifically atlantoaxial instability.

52
Q

Where are herbeden nodes found?

A

DIP

53
Q

Where are bouchard nodes found?

A

PIP

54
Q

A fib patients are at a higher risk of what kind of stroke?

A

Ischemic
*because a fib causes blood clots

55
Q

What is an ischemic stroke?

A

Most common type of stroke.
Where a blood clot develops in the brain and limits blood flow.

56
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Where a blood clot burst.

Hypertension patients are at a high risk because the pressure

57
Q

What does basal cell carcinoma look like?

A

Raised
shiny
waxy
pearly
Tetanglictasis (visible blood vessels)

*most common form of skin cancer

58
Q

What does squamous cell carcinoma look like?

A

Ulcerated and bleeds easily

*s for scab

59
Q

Actinic keratosis is a precursor to which kind of skin cancer?

A

Squamous cell

Important Exam Topics (2 decks)

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