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Anthropological thought > Important Contributions > Flashcards

Important Contributions Flashcards

1
Q

Thomas Aquinas

A

Voyages; Native peoples were imperfect humans, therefore natural slaves

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2
Q

Monogenesis

A

humankind evolved from 2 ancestors

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3
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Scientific Revolution; used deduction epistemology to create cartesian numbers and duality of the world

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4
Q

Epistemology

A

Branch of Philosophy that explores the nature of Knowledge (How we know what we know)

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5
Q

Epistemology contains 2 categories

A

Deduction and Induction

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6
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Laid foundation for enlightenment; British Emperialism, advocate of scientific method and revolution

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7
Q

British Emperialism

A

Experience and observations are methods of gaining knowledge

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8
Q

French Rationalism

A

Opinions and actions based on reason rather than on religious beleifs or emotions

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9
Q

Copernicus

A

Sun is center of universe

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10
Q

Galleio

A

astronomy

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11
Q

Newton

A

“Principles of Mathematics”

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12
Q

John Locke

A

British empirialism; “an essay concerning human understanding”

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13
Q

Joseph Lafilau

A

“customs of american savages compared with those of earliest times”

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14
Q

Jean-Jacques Rosseas

A

humanity was happier in the past

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15
Q

Anne Robert Jacques Turgot

A

3 stages of humanity: Hunting, Pastoralism, Farming

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16
Q

Adam Ferguson, WIlliam Roberston, John Miller

A

Believed technology and economics determined civilizations. 3 stages: Savagery, Barbarianism, Civilization

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17
Q

Universal historians

A

proposed stages of development

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18
Q

Materialism

A

human existence determined by sonciousness

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19
Q

Karl Marx

A

Communist Maifesto; studied pilosophiy and law; econ and polisci—leaned towards utopian

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20
Q

Fredrich Engels

A

Communist manifesto; Textile agency; Influenced by people living on streets and england working class

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21
Q

Napolean

A

nationalism ideology; instead of universal outlook on khumankind

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22
Q

august comte

A

multibolume work: course of positive phiolosophy…. stages of knowledge: theological, metaphysical and positive…. believed science was search for generalizations…. social dyanmics vs social statics….. creator of positivism

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23
Q

Lewis Henry Morgan

A

grand global evolution schema—patrilineal decent; religon, houselife, property

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24
Q

Edward Burnett Tylor

A

Father of Modern Anthropology; how instituations develop and influence religion…. effected classical evolutionists

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25
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

Father of Sociology; believed societies emerged from people’s actions

26
Q

Clark Wissler

A

First to draw cultural areas/zones

27
Q

Cultural areas

A

geo areas with particular cultural based on language, religion, material culture; artifacts move between people

28
Q

psychic unity

A

all people, regardless of genetics or race, have equal opportunity for change; adolf bastain

29
Q

Fredrich Ratzel

A

German race homeland; Leben sraum living space

30
Q

independent invention

A

cultural innovation can occur independently in more than one place

31
Q

diffusionism

A

culture innovation evolve and are acquired trough borrowing and migrating

32
Q

heliocentrism

A

sun centerdness; cultures that worship the sun……… example of diffusionism bc happened once in egypt and if new world had it then it was acquired and not naturall developed

33
Q

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet Lamark

A

Long necked vs short necked giraffes; before darwin

34
Q

People before darwin

A

Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de button
erasmus darwin
lamarck

35
Q

Key 19th c developments

A

Evolution
Scientific Revolution (before newtons time)
Geology

36
Q

James Hutton

A

“theory of the Earth” and “No Vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end”

37
Q

Charles Lyell

A

“Principles of Geology” — Foundation of modern geology

“Geographical Evolutionist”

38
Q

Thomas Robert Matthus

A

“An Essay on the Principle Population”

39
Q

Alfred Russell Wallace

A

Evolution by natural selection

40
Q

Neptunism

A

Scientific theory of geology proposed rocks formed from the crstallisation of minerals in the early earths oceans; abraham gottlob werner

41
Q

Plutonism or volcanism

A

geo theory that the igenous rocks forming the earth originated from intrusive magmatic activity; jaems hutton and abbe anton moro

42
Q

uniformitarianism

A

assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the univesre now have always operated in the univers in the past

43
Q

catastrophism

A

the theory that the earth had largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived , violent events, possibly worldwide in scope

44
Q

Darwin

A

Origin of species
Evolution and natural selection
Science v christianity
Great debates of the day: Geology fossils formed in water but found on land
took uniform and catas and made comperensive teory of biological evolution

45
Q

Carolus Linneas

A

swedish biologist, classified living things into hierachy; taxonomy

46
Q

Darwin’s view on humans vs animals

A

Humans have culture and society and its changes overtime

47
Q

Sigmund Frued

A

Austrich Nuerologist, clinical ideas were important and hold value but is interpretations were disproven
foundign father of psychoanalysis
Aligned with anthro bc of his attempts to define human behavior and culture
interested in dreams and subconciousness
repression of sexual desire results in disorders relating to cultural society

48
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Distinguished 19th c french sociologist; forerunner of 2 european schools: french structural anth an dbritish social anth
resurgance of antionalism and catholicism

49
Q

Emile Durkheim contributions

A

Division of labor in society

the elementary forms of the religious life

50
Q

Division of Labor in Society

A

diversification and intergration of culture in 2 patterns…

  1. primitive, less diversified–little ddivision of labor–cohered bc indv were similar
  2. civilized, more diversified, considerable division of labor–cohered bc indv were different (organic solidarity)-the more organic the more govt was needed to regulate society
51
Q

The elementary forms of the religous life

A

purpose to expose the social origins of religion which ultimately was origin of society itself
experience of effervescence when interacting with others
totems
sacred and profaine contrast

52
Q

origin

A

source in the group mind

53
Q

sacred and profaine

A

beyond life

natural state of being

54
Q

totems

A

embodied effervescence sensations thus powerful represenations that print powerful sentiments to the surface of consiousness even in the absence of ritual

55
Q

effervescence

A

gas escaping from liquid

56
Q

Lennin

A

SU Marxism; social memory; Power.. he was ideological and intellectual force with a social memory to him and memoraliziation

57
Q

Max Weber

A

Credited with viewing the holistic individual-acting thinking feeling as central to the creations, maintenance and innovation of social and cultural forms
idealisticwhich contrasted with materialism
sought a theory that placed existing beliefs and structures in a particular historical context
often thought of as a multi-evolutionsit
theory accounts for great diversity of human life but doesn’t rank it according to eurocentric scope of norms and values
that of expectation (what IS as opposed to what SHOULD BE) is embodied and expressed trough an explicityly religous frame work

58
Q

Fredinand de saussurer

A

huge figure in linguistics
one of the most important precursors to 20thc linguistic and cultural anth
also on of least celebrated figures
founding father of modern disipline of ling
multilingual brilliant young scholar; who study phsycis and chemistry
3 consec lectures on “general linguistics” largely unpublsied during life
focused on what is language rather than temporal language through time
speech communicates ideas
language as a system of signs

59
Q

language as signs

A

2 distinct elements

  1. signifier that which communicates meaning and 2. the concept communicated by sigifier
60
Q

relational vs systemic language

A

relational is understanding snow hail and sleet

systemic is quality of language and tree and arbor meean same thing meow is word sound.

signs not fixed ;; inuits have omre signs for snow

Anthropological thought (3 decks)

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