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bacteria > Important bacteria grouping > Flashcards

Important bacteria grouping Flashcards

1
Q

does not have a cell wall

A

Mollicutes (Mycoplasma)

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2
Q

has two circular chromosomes

A

Leptospira

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3
Q

bacteria that are facultative intracellular bacteria

can survive extracellular or intracellular

A

Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus

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4
Q

Nausea, vomiting, fever> shock

A

Staphylococcus, streptococcus

enterotoxins

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5
Q

enterotoxin(superantigens)

A

Staphylococcus

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6
Q

Nosocomial infections are

A

Hospital acquired infections

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7
Q

Nosocomial infections:

A

Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile

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8
Q

Obligate intracellular pathogen:

A

They need a cell to replicate.

Eg. Rickettsia

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9
Q

Facultative intracellular pathogen: They can survive in extracellular and
intracellular locations.

A

Mycobacterium

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10
Q

Group Enterobacteriaceae

A

Present in water, soil environment

and the GI tract of humans and animals.

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11
Q

Coliform bacteria

A

E.coli gram negitive

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12
Q

is performed to evaluate

fecal contamination in drinking water

A

Coliform enumeration

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13
Q

2 membranes

A

Gram negitive

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14
Q

1 membranes

A

gram positive

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15
Q

Lipoteichoic acid (for antigenicity)

A

Gram positive

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16
Q

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, virulence factor)

A

Gram Negative outer membrane

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17
Q

Mycolic acid (virulence factor)

A

Mycobacteria

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18
Q

Gram Negative stain color

A

pink

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19
Q

Gram positive stain color

A

purple bc of their thick peptidoglycan cell wall.

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20
Q

Teichoic acid on their

cell walls

A

Gram Positive

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21
Q

All bacteria contains

A

peptidoglycan

22
Q

Lipid A component (endotoxin) of LPS can activate
immune system and exert harmful effects on the
host. Polysaccharide component contributes to
antigenicity

A

Lipid A component (endotoxin) of LPS can activate
immune system and exert harmful effects on the
host. Polysaccharide component contributes to
antigenicity

23
Q

Acid Fast staining is due to presence of

A

mycolic

acid.

24
Q

AcidFast positive bacteria have Gram positive

cell wall.

A

AcidFast positive bacteria have Gram positive

cell wall.

25
Q

Pili / fimbriae

A

on surface
•Facilitate adherence to the host tissue through specific receptors.
•Contribute to antigenicity.
ecoli have

26
Q

Capsule

A

Thick polysaccharide layer outside of the cell wall

  • It is used for:
  • Sticking cell together.
  • As a food reserve.
  • As protection against desiccation and chemicals.
  • Helps bacteria to evade phagocytosis
27
Q

is Mycolic acid a virulence factor

A

true

28
Q

components of and LPS what do they do

A
  1. Lipid A component (endotoxin) can activate
    immune system and exert harmful effects on the
    host
    2.Polysaccharide component contributes to
    antigenicity
29
Q

Endotoxin vs Exotoxins

A

Endotoxin: part of cell wall (lipopolysacride) and released when gram neg bacteria die heat stable low antigenicy
Exotoxins: protein released from cell heat liable high antigenicy

30
Q

infection

A

is the invasion and multiplication of pathogenic microbes in an
individual or population.

31
Q

Endotoxin vs Exotoxins action

A

Exotoxins:exert action of specific target cells (Neurotoxins, Leukotoxins ,
Enterotoxins.)
endotoxin:They can induce inflammation by stimulating the immune
system

32
Q

Endotoxin vs Exotoxins action

A

Exotoxins:exert action of specific target cells (Neurotoxins, Leukotoxins ,
Enterotoxins.)
endotoxin:They can induce inflammation by stimulating the immune
system

33
Q

some virulence factors Endotoxin vs Exotoxins

A

Superantigens

34
Q

Superantigens

A

• Produced by pathogenic microbes (including viruses, mycoplasma,
and bacteria).
• Indiscriminate binding to MHC class II molecule on the antigen
presenting cells and T helper cell receptor.
• Result in polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine
release.
• Nausea, vomiting, fever> shock, (Staphylococcus, streptococcus
enterotoxins).

35
Q

Processes used for transfer of virulence factors

A

Conjugation (direct contact between bacteria) is the process by which one bacterium( bacterium with a fertility factor) transfers genetic material to another through direct contact.
Transformation (uptake of genetic info form environment) is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the
direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material
from its surroundings and taken up through the cell membrane(s)

Transduction (virus) is the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.
• Lysogenic conversion with Bacteriophages can result inbacteria with virulence factors, such as toxins or capsules
• Lytic=bacteria simply bust expelling viral dna

36
Q

Transformation

A

uptake of random genetic info from environment

37
Q

Transduction

A

virus
Lysogenic conversion with Bacteriophages can result inbacteria with virulence factors, such as toxins or capsules
• Lytic=bacteria simply bust expelling viral dna

38
Q

What is the difference between an obligate intracellular bacteria and facultative intracellular bacteria? (And examples)

A

obligate intracellular bacteria: they need a host cell to replicate).
(Rickettsia, Chlamydia)

facultative intracellular bacteria: can survive extracellular or intracellular
(Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus)

39
Q

obligate intracellular and facultative intracellular bacteria examples

A

obligate=Rickettsia, Chlamydia

facultative intracellular bacteria: Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus

40
Q

How do you culture Bacteria

A

Liquid (Broth)Media
Eg. Nutrient broth, peptone broth, thioglycolate broth.

Solid (Agar) media
Eg. Trypticase soy agar with Blood

  • Selective media
  • PEA agar - Gram Positive selective media
  • MacConkey agar- Gram negative selective media
  • Hektoen Enteric Agar for Salmonella
41
Q

What is antibody titer

A 
Seroconversion: Antibody development
after exposure to a pathogen or an
antigen.
Antibody Titer: Measurement of antibody
level (quantity).
Expressed as the reciprocal of the highest
dilution of serum that positively reacts in
a specific test.
Higher the antibody response higher the
titer.
eg. a titer of 1280 in a test means that
the serum sample remains positive when
diluted 1:1280.

Higher the number for example 1/1280 more antibodies

42
Q

β lactam antibiotics

A

β lactam antibiotics Eg: Penicillin, ampicillin, cephalosporins,
Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis. Also bind and inhibit
a group of proteins called penicillin binding proteins
(involved in peptidoglycan synthesis).

43
Q

Natural (true antibiotics): produced by bacteria or

fungus examples

A

(Streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline).

44
Q

Streptomycin and tetracycline:

A

Inhibit 30s subunit of bacterial ribosome.

45
Q

Classification of antimicrobials

A

• Chemical structure
• Mode of action
Bactericidal-kills bacteria
Bacteriostatic-inhibits bacteria
• Type of antimicrobial activity
• Broad spectrum antibacterials are active against both Gram-positive
and Gram-negative organisms ( tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones,
cephalosporins).
• Narrow spectrum antibacterials have limited activity and are primarily only useful
against particular species of microorganisms(Gram positive or Gram negative).
• Spectrum of antimicrobial activity

46
Q

Penicillin(β lactam antibiotics)

A

Inhibit peptidoglycan synthesis

47
Q

What is the difference between aerobic, anaerobic, Facultative anaerobic and capnophilicbacteria?

A

• Oxygen required for growth
(aerobic, microaerophilic, capnophilic)
• •Oxygen not required or utilized for growth
(obligate anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe)
• •Oxygen not required but can be utilized for growth
(facultative anaerobe)

48
Q

Oxygen not required or utilized for growth

A

anaerobe

49
Q

Oxygen not required but can be utilized for growth

A

facultative anaerobe

50
Q

Capnophilic bacteria

A

require oxygen and CO2

bacteria (3 decks)

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