Important

Question 1

5 factors of soil formation

Answer 1

• climate
• parent material
• time
• topography
• biota

Question 2

4 components of soil

Answer 2

25% water
25% air
45% minerals
5% pragmatic matter

Question 3

Ice

Answer 3

Terminal moraine

Question 4

Water

Answer 4

• Alluvium

* Marine

Question 5

Gravity

Answer 5

Colluvium

Question 6

Bedrock

Answer 6

Residual

Question 7

Wind

Answer 7

• eolian

* loess

Question 8

Soil horizons

Answer 8

• O
• A
• E
• B
• C
• R

Question 9

O horizon

Answer 9

Humid or organic layer

Question 10

A

Answer 10

• mineral organic matter

- top soil

Question 11

E

Answer 11

Not always present and is made up of components and not susceptible to leaching

Question 12

B

Answer 12

• increased clay content

- Which horizon (besides O and E) may not be present in an entisol

Question 13

C

Answer 13

An unconsolidated parent material

Question 14

R

Answer 14

Bedrock

Question 15

Characteristics of soil

Answer 15

Texture
Color
Structure

Question 16

Color

Answer 16

Influenced by Organic Matter, Water content, Oxidation

Question 17

Texture

Answer 17

Influenced by clay properties

Question 18

Phosphorus

Answer 18

Purpling

Question 19

Potassium

Answer 19

Has yellow orange look

Question 20

Nitrogen

Answer 20

Yellowing/chlorosis

Question 21

Types of irrigation

Answer 21

Surface
Sprinkler
Trickle/drip

Question 22

Surface

Answer 22

Positive: use odd shape fields
Negative: not efficient runoff

Question 23

Sprinkler

Answer 23

Positive: covers fields not labor intensive
Negative: circular fields only

Question 24

Trickle/drip

Answer 24

Positive: most efficient
Negative: labor intensive

Question 25

Soil colloids

Answer 25

They hold a charge which in turn holds on to other actions that plants need
-negative charge

Question 26

C:N ratio

Answer 26

Helps determine the rate of decomposition

Question 27

Non mineral

Answer 27

Carbon C
Hydrogen H
Oxygen O

Question 28

Macro

Answer 28

Nitrogen N
Phosphorus P
Potassium K

Question 29

Secondary

Answer 29

Sulfur S
Calcium Ca
Magnesium Mg

Question 30

Micro

Answer 30

Boron B 
Iron Fe
Zinc Zn
Molybdenum Mo
Manganese Mn
Copper Cu
Chlorine Cl

Question 31

Entisols

Answer 31

Little if any profile development, very young

Question 32

Inceptisols

Answer 32

Young profile development (B horizon) has began

Question 33

Mollisols

Answer 33

Dark prairie soils, high fertility

Question 34

Alfisols

Answer 34

High base, shallow soils, Mediterranean climates

Question 35

Ultisols

Answer 35

Forested, subtropical soils

Question 36

Vertisols

Answer 36

Dark swelling clay

Question 37

Aridisols

Answer 37

Dry souls, semi-arid climates

Question 38

Spodosols

Answer 38

Wet, acidic soil E horizon

Question 39

Histisols

Answer 39

Organic souls

Question 40

Andisols

Answer 40

Volcanic soils

Question 41

Oxisols

Answer 41

Highly weathered, oxidized soils, tropical rain forest

Question 42

Gelisols

Answer 42

Young soil characterized by a permafrost later