Importance of attachment in healthy child development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by attachment in a relationship?

A

Long-lasting/enduring emotional relationship which develops between 2 people

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2
Q

Who should a child develop attachment to?

A

Primary carer (someone close to the child)

Eg. mother, father

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3
Q

At what age does child attachment to their carer start to obviously present?

A

7 months old

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4
Q

Who proposed the sensitive period theory of child attachment?

A

John Bowlby (Father of attachment theory 1980)

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5
Q

In the sensitive period theory of child attachment, which childhood age range does this period occur in?

A

Sensitive period occurs from 7 months to 3 years old

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6
Q

In the sensitive period theory of attachment, can secure child attachment be developed after the sensitive period and why?

A

No, as it too late to undo damage to child that was done if attachment to primary carer hasn’t developed normally

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7
Q

Which theory challenges the sensitive period theory of child attachment?

A

Critical window of opportunity theory

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8
Q

In the critical window of opportunity theory of child attachment, when is the critical window in a child’s life?

A

First 3 years of life

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9
Q

In the critical window of opportunity theory of child attachment, after the window is closed can any damage to the child be undone?

A

Yes, damage can be undone after this window if a secure attachment develops

Eg. adopted children develop attachment later in life

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10
Q

What 3 factors does attachment provide to allow a child to develop and learn, and who proposed this?

A

Comfort
Security
Safe base

John Bowlby 1980

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11
Q

How does comfort, security and a safe base in the carer allow a child to develop cognitive, emotional, social learning?

A

Encourages child to explore how world works and how to interact with environment

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12
Q

What is meant by pro-social behaviour of infants, and are they born with pro-social behaviour?

A

Pro-social behaviour: voluntary acts to benefit others which develops because infant starts to see other people’s thoughts, feelings and experiences as important

Infants are born with pro-social behaviour

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13
Q

Does the primary carer alone contribute to forming attachment between them and their child?

A

No, attachment develops due to contribution from both carer and child

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14
Q

Is pro-social behaviour of infants random or adaptive?

A

They are adaptive because they allow social interaction with their environment

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15
Q

Why is crying a pro-social behaviour of infants, and how does it enable social interaction?

A

Crying signals that infant has a need and wants carer’s attention, which prompts carer to hug, feed, interact with infant

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16
Q

Why is smiling a pro-social behaviour of infants, and how does it enable social interaction?

A

Smiling originates as a reflex in 2 month-old infant but soon becomes intentional as infant learns that smiling encourages positive response from carer

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17
Q

Why is looking a pro-social behaviour of infants, and how does it enable social interaction?

A

Looking at carer encourages positive response from the carer

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18
Q

Why is hugging a pro-social behaviour of infants, and how does it enable social interaction?

A

Hugging is a human reflex that allows physical contact

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19
Q

Why is preference for their caregiver a pro-social behaviour of infants, and how does it enable social interaction?

A

Preference for primary carer’s face, voice, smell, touch from the first days of life

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20
Q

What are the 4 steps in the cycle of secure attachment development between a child and carer?

A

Infant is totally dependent on primary carer’s interaction and attention

Primary carer leaves, which infant notices very quickly so experiences separation anxiety and shows attachment behaviour of crying

Primary carer returns so that they are in infant’s proximity again

Infant’s attachment behaviour drops as they have returned to comfort, security and having a safe base

21
Q

In the cycle of secure attachment development between a child and carer, what does the carer do when the child displays separation anxiety and attachment behaviour?

A

Carer quickly returns after hearing infant crying/calling out and re-establishes proximity

22
Q

In the cycle of secure attachment development between a child and carer, what happens after the carer re-establishes proximity to the child?

A

Child’s attachment behaviour drops as they are returned to comfort, security and safe base

23
Q

How often does the attachment cycle occur in a child’s life in order to develop secure attachment to their carer?

A

Cycle repeats many times daily and in months where infant is completely dependent on primary carer

24
Q

How does repetition of the attachment cycle lead to secure attachment of a child to their carer?

A

Causes child to learn and take for granted interactions such as responsiveness, warmth, sensitivity, availability of carer and their unconditional love

Ultimately leading to secure attachment

25
Q

When a child who had secure attachment to their carer ages, will they have high or low self-esteem?

A

High self-esteem as they have positive view of themself

26
Q

When a child who had secure attachment to their carer ages, will they have good relationships with peers?

A

Yes, as they are able to trust and have confidence in others

Have appreciation of a support system

27
Q

When a child who had secure attachment to their carer ages, will they engage well with learning and social interactions?

A

Yes, as they have sense of security so are willing to explore and be resilient

28
Q

When a child who had secure attachment to their carer ages, will they be attention-seeking?

A

They will be less attention-seeking as they have sense of security

29
Q

When a child who had secure attachment to their carer ages, will they develop secure attachment to their own children?

A

Yes

30
Q

When a child who had avoidant/ambivalent attachment to their carer ages, do they communicate their needs to carers?

A

Child becomes compliant and doesn’t communicate their needs with carer because they have fear of rejection

31
Q

When a child who had avoidant/ambivalent attachment to their carer ages, how can they show attention-seeking?

A

Aggressive behaviours

32
Q

Comparing secure and insecure attachment, does the child view their carer as available?

A

Secure: Yes, can communicate needs well as they have comfort, security, safe base

Insecure: No, Learnt that caregiver is unavailable and can’t meet their needs

33
Q

Comparing secure and insecure attachment, does the child view themself as worthy of love?

A

Secure: Yes

Insecure: No, child views themself as unworthy of love from others

34
Q

Comparing secure and insecure attachment, does the child view others as emotionally available?

A

Secure: Yes, have sense of security so can build trust and confidence in others

Insecure: No, views others as emotionally unavailable or that they cause the child confusion/harm/pain

35
Q

In the cycle of avoidant/ambivalent attachment development between a child and carer, how does the carer respond to child’s attachment behaviour?

A

Avoidant: unavailable/rejects infant’s needs by being indifferent and insensitive

Ambivalent: Inconsistent in re-establishing proximity and care

36
Q

In the cycle of avoidant/ambivalent attachment development between a child and carer, does the child return to comfort, security and safe base, and what is the result?

A

No, so they have prolonged periods of distress and unregulated emotions

37
Q

In the cycle of disorganised attachment development between a child and carer, how does the carer respond to the child’s attachment behaviour?

A

Abusive/neglectful carer who is unavailable and doesn’t meet child’s needs

38
Q

In the cycle of disorganised attachment development between a child and carer, does the child return to comfort, security and safe base, and what is the result?

A

No, they don’t have that

Instead carer becomes source of fear and distress for child

39
Q

In the cycle of avoidant/ambivalent attachment development between a child and carer, give 3 examples of the child’s feelings when the carer has become the source of their distress and fear?

A

Develops trauma

Permanent feelings of lack of control

Helplessness and confusion

40
Q

Why does disorganised attachment cause children to develop clinical problems?

A

Collapse in cognitive and behavioural strategies to cope with their own emotions

Clinical problems due to lack of emotional development

41
Q

What is the correlation between the greatness of a child’s trauma and their coping strategies?

A

Children who have experienced the greatest traumas are those least emotionally equipped to deal with them

42
Q

Why is child attachment relevant in pre/post-natal checkups?

A

Recognition of risk factors that could influence the quality of early attachment

43
Q

Give 4 examples of risk factors for abnormal child attachment, which can be recognised in pre/post-natal checkups?

A

pre/post-partum depression in mothers

poor maternal mental health

social and financial difficulties

isolated/unsupported mothers

44
Q

Why is child attachment relevant in delayed development and when the child isn’t reaching normal development milestones?

A

could be because of lack of interaction and stimulation in home environment as there is not comfort, security or safe base to learn from

45
Q

Why is child attachment relevant when a child is struggling at school?

A

Child has behavioural or emotional difficulties, which are usually more prominent during transition periods

This could have arisen from insecure attachment

46
Q

If a child has insecure attachment, give 3 examples of what could this indicate about the primary carer in terms of their mental health and struggles?

A

Has serious mental health problems

Carer struggles in their role

Carer is neglectful or abusive

47
Q

Give 3 examples of child clinical populations in which attachment to carer is relevant?

A

Children with mood disorders

Children with clinical anxiety or depression

Children with attachment disorders

48
Q

Define attachment disorder?

A

Conditions in which babies and young children are unable to form any kind of emotional bonding with their primary caregiver