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Anatomy Trial: Upper Limb > Import > Flashcards

Import Flashcards

1
Q

What are the borders of the Axilla?

A

Apex: cervico-axillary canal. Bounded by first rib, clavicle and superior edge of scapula

Base: skin, subcutaneous tissue and axillary fascia

Anterior: Pectoralis major, minor and clavipectoral fascia. Anterior axillary fold is most inferior part of anterior wall

Posterior: scapula and anterior surface of subscapularis. Inferiorly by teres major and lattisimus dorsi

Medial: Thoracic wall and overlying serratus anterior

Lateral: intertubercular groove of the humerus

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2
Q

What structures are found in the Axilla?

A

Axillary artery + Axillary vein

Brachial plexus

Axillary Lymph nodes

Biceps brachii (short head)

Coracobrachialis

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3
Q

What are the 3 main routes through which structures leave the Axilla?

A

Main Exit: inferiorly and laterally into the upper limb

Quadrangular space: Small gap in posterior wall of the axilla allowing access to the posterior arm and shoulder area

Clavipectoral triangle: opening in the anterior wall of the axilla

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4
Q

What structures are found in the Quadrangular space?

A

axillary nerve

posterior circumflex humeral artery

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5
Q

What are the borders of the Quadrangular space?

A

superior - teres minor

inferior - teres major

lateral - humerus

medial - long head of triceps

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6
Q

What are the borders of the Clavipectoral triangle?

A

lateral - deltoid

superior - clavicle

inferior - pectoralis major

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7
Q

What structures are found in the Clavipectoral triangle?

A

Cephalic vein

lateral pectoral nerve

medial pectoral nerve

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8
Q

What are the borders of the Triangular space?

A

superior - teres minor or subscapularis

inferior - superior border of teres major

lateral - long head triceps

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9
Q

What structures are found in the Triangular space?

A

Scapular circumflex vessels

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10
Q

What are the borders of the Triangular Interval?

A

Long head of triceps

Teres major

Humerus

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11
Q

What structures are found in the Triangular Interval?

A

Radial nerve

Profunda brachii artery

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12
Q

What are the borders of the Cubital Fossa?

A

Lateral - medial border of brachioradialis

medial - lateral border of pronator teres

superior - imaginary line between epicondyles of humerus

roof - skin & fascia, reinforced by the bicipital aponeurosis

floor - brachialis (med) and supinator (lat)

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13
Q

What structures are found in the Cubital Fossa?

A

Really Need Booze To Be At My Nicest

Radial nerve (passes underneath brachioradialis mm; lies in close proximity

Biceps tendon

Brachial artery

Median nerve

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14
Q

What are the borders of the Carpal Tunnel?

A

Formed by two layers - deep carpal arch and superficial flexor retinaculum

Lateral - scaphoid + trapezium tubercles

Medial - hook of hamate, pisiform

Superior: Flexor retinaculum. Turns Carpal arch into the Carpal Tunnel. Attaches to hook of hamat + pisiform (medially) and chaphoid and trapezium (laterally)

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15
Q

What structures are found in the Carpal Tunnel?

A

Total of 9 Tendons (surrounded by synovial sheaths) and Median nn

FDS/FDP/FPL tendons

median nerve

NBFlexor Carpii radialis tendon is located within the flexor retinaculum and not within the carpal tunnel itself.

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16
Q

What are the borders of the Anatomical Snuffbox?

A

Medial/ulnar - Extensor pollicis longus Tendon

Lateral - Tendons of Extensor pollicis brevis and Abductor Pollicis longus

Proximal - radius styloid

Floor - scaphoid and trapezium

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17
Q

What structures are found in the Anatomical Snuffbox?

A

Radial artery

Superficial branch of the radial nerve

cephalic vein

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18
Q

How many extensor tendon compartments are there in the wrist?

A

6 Compartments

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19
Q

What is found in compartment 1 and what is it’s significance?

A

Extensor Pollicis Brevis and Abductor Pollicis Longus. Forms the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox.

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20
Q

What is the clinical importance of the scaphoid?

A

Blood supply is retrograde. Arises from distal end of the bone. Fracture will deprive the proximal segment of its blood supply so it will undergo avascular necrosis

Fracture line is normally through the waist - surrounded by synovial fluid.

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21
Q

BONES

A

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22
Q

Where is the Clavicle found and where does it articulate?

A

Connects the Upper Limb to the Trunk

Sternal end articulates with manubrium of the sternum at Sternoclavicular joint.

Acromial End articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint.

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23
Q

Label the key features found on the Clavicle

A
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24
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the Clavicle?

A

Forms attachment from Upper Limb to Trunk. Enables arm to have maximum range of motion.

Protects neurovascular structures supplying the Upper Limb

Transmits force from upper limb to axial skeleton

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25
Q

What attaches at the Conoid Tubercle?

A

Conoid Ligament, medial aspect of the coracoclavicular ligament

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26
Q

What attaches to the Trapezoid line?

A

Attachment point of the trapezoid ligament (lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament)

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27
Q

Label the key areas of the anterior surface of the Scapula

28
Q

Label the key areas of the lateral surface of the Scapula and what is the function of each area

A

Glenoid fossa; shallow cavity. Articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint

Supraglenoid tubercle: place of attachement of the long head of biceps brachii

Infraglenoid tubercle: long head of triceps brachii attaches here

29
Q

Label the key areas of the posterior surface of the Scapula

30
Q

What muscles attach to the posterior surface of the Scapula?

A

Supraspinatus fossa: supraspinatus muscle originates here

Infraspinatus fossa: infraspinatus muscle originates here

31
Q

What are the two main articulations of the Scapula?

A

Gelnohumeral Joint

Acromioclavicular Joint

32
Q

Label the key landmarks found in the proximal Humerus

33
Q

What attaches to the greater tubercle of the Humerus?

A

Attachment site for 3 rotator cuff muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor

34
Q

What attaches to the lesser tubercle of the Humerus?

A

Subscapularis

35
Q

Where is the intertubercular sulcus found and what is it’s significance?

A

Also called the bicipital groove, seperates the greater tubercle and lesser tubercle

36
Q

What is the difference between the anatomical neck of Humerus and surgical neck of Humerus

A

Narrowest point of humerus. Much more frequently fractured than anatomical neck. Axillary nerve and circumflex humeral vessels lie against the bone here

INSERT PIC

37
Q

Label the 2 prominent features found on the shaft of the Humerus

A

Deltoid tuberosity laterally. Deltoid muscle attaches here.

Radial groove posteriorly. Radial nerve and profunda brachii artery travel through here

38
Q

Label the key featurs of the distal region of the Humerus

39
Q

Label the key features of the Proximal Ulna

40
Q

Label the key features of the Proximal Radius

41
Q

What are the key articulations of the Radius?

A

Humeral articulation: between head of radius and capitulum of humerus

Proximal radioulnar joint

Distal Radioulnar joint: articulation between ulnar notch and head of the ulna

Carpal bones

42
Q

Label the three categories of bones found in the hand

43
Q

Label the carpal bones found in the hand

A

Proximal Row (lateral to medial): Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform

Distal row (lateral to medial) Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate

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44
Q

Label the Metacarpal bones

45
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Pectoralis Major

A

Attachments: Clavicular head: anterior surface of medial clavicle

Sternocostal head: anterior surface of sternum, superior six costal cartilages and aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

Distal: lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Function: Adducts and medially rotates humerus. Draws scapula anteroinferiorly.

Innervation: Lateral and medial pectoral nerves; clavicular head (C5, C6), sternocostal head (C7, C8, T1)

46
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Pectoralis Minor

A

Attachments: 3-5th ribs near costal cartilages

Superior surface of coracoid process of scapula

Function: Stabilises scapula by drawing inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall

Innervation: Medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)

47
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Serratus Anterior

A

Attachments: External surface lateral parts of 1st-8th ribs

Anterior surface of medial border of scapula

Function: Protracts scapula and holds against thoracic wall; rotates scapula

Innervation: Long thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7)

48
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Subclavius

A

Attachments: Junction of 1st rib and it’s costal cartilage

Inferior surface of middle third of clavicle

Function: Anchors and depresses clavicle

Innervation: Subclavian nerve (C5, C6)

49
Q

What are the two main categories of muscles that act on the shoulder?

A

Extrinsic and Intrinsic

50
Q

Name the muscles that form the extrinsic compnent of the shoulder

A

Superficial posterior: Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi

Deep posterior: Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid minor & major

51
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Trapezius

A

Most superficial of the back muscles: broad, flat and triangular

Attachments: Origin - nuchal ligament, external occipital protuberance, spinous process of C7-T12

Attach to lateral third of clabicle, acromion and spine of scapula

Function: Superior part - elevates scapula and rotates during abduction arm. Middle part (or all parts together) retract the scapula

Innervation: Spinal Accessory Nerve (CNXI)

52
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Latissimus dorsi

A

Attachment - T6-T12 spinous process, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, and inferior three ribs

Insertion - intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Nerve -Thoracodorsal nn (C6, C7, C8)

53
Q

List the attachments, fucntion and innervation of Levator scapulae

A

Origin: Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae

Insertion: Medial border of scapula superior to root of spine

Function: Elevates scapula and tilts its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

Innervation: Thoracodorsal nn

54
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Rhomboid minor

A

Origin: Nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7 & T1 vertebrae

Insertion: Triangular area at medial end of scapular spine

Function: Retracts and rotates scapula

Innervation: Dorsal scapular nn (C4, C5)

55
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Rhomboid major

A

Origin: Spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae

Insertion: medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle

Function: Retracts and rotates scapula

Innervation: Dorsal scapular nn (C4, C5)

56
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Deltoid

A

Insertion - lateral third of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapula

Insertion - Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Function: Anterior fibres – flexion and medial rotation. Posterior fibres – extension and lateral rotation. Middle fibres – the major abductor of the arm (takes over from the supraspinatus, which abducts the first 15 degrees).-

Nerve - axillary nerve

57
Q

List the muscles that form the rotator cuff of the shoulder

A

SITS

supraspinatus

infraspinatus

Teres minor

subscapularis

58
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Subscapularis

A

Origin - Subscapular fossa

Insertion - lesser tubercle of humerus

Nerve - upper/lower scapular nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Function: Medially rotates and adducts arm: helps hold humeral head in glenoid cavity

59
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Supraspinatus

A

Origin - Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Insertion -Superior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

Nerve - Suprascapular nerve (C4, C5, C6)

Function: initiates and assists deltoid in abduction of the arm

60
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Infraspinatus

A

Origin - Infraspinous fossa

Insertion -Middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus

Nerve - suprascapular nerve (supraspinatous and infraspinatous)

Laterally rotates arm; helps hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula

61
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Teres minor

A

Origin - Middle part of lateral border of scapula

Insertion -Inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus

Nerve - Axillary nerve (C5, C6)

Laterally rotates arm; helps hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula

62
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Teres Major

A

Origin - posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula

Insertion - intertubercular groove of the humerus

Nerve - lower subscapular nerve

Abducts and medially rotated arm

63
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Biceps brachii

A

Origin - Short head: coracoid process, Long head: supraglenoid tubercle

Insertion - radial tuberosity and fascia of forearm vis bicipital aponeurosis

Nerve - musculocutaneous (C5, C6)

Function: Supinates forearm and when supinated, flexes forearm

64
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Brachialis

A

Origin - Medial and Lateral surfaces of humeral shaft

Insertion - CoroNoid process and ulna tuberosity

Nerve - musculocutaneous (C5, C6)

Function: Flexes forearm in all positions

65
Q

List the attachments, function and innervation of Coracobrachialis

A

Origin - coracoid process

Insertion - mid shaft humerus

Nerve - musculocutaneous

Function: Helps flex and adduct arm; resists dislocation of the shoulder

Anatomy Trial: Upper Limb (1 decks)

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