Implicit Bias, Institutionalized Racism

Question 1

Infrahumanization:

Answer 1

denying an outgroup’s ability to
experience secondary emotions

Question 2

Two types of emotions

Answer 2

1. Primary emotions: basic, fundamental
   emotions that are evolutionarily adaptive and
   shared by humans and animals alike.
   * e.g. happiness, anger, disgust, fear, sadness
2. Secondary emotions: “uniquely human”
   emotions, often thought to require high levels
   of cognitive processing.
   * e.g. guilt and shame, pride, jealousy,
   empathy

Question 3

Use of force:

Answer 3

Black (vs. White) boys are more dehumanized → seen
as more responsible for their crimes; seen as more deserving of
police violence (Goff et al., 2014)

Question 4

Prison Sentences

Answer 4

: Black defendants who have more stereotypically
black features are more likely to receive death penalty → potential
mechanism is dehumanization and resulting moral disengagement
(Eberhardt et al., 2006)

Question 5

Rehabilitation

Answer 5

the lack of empathy and disengagement with African
Americans who have criminal records may make it harder for them to
find jobs, housing, and other opportunities necessary for successful
re-entry

Question 6

Explicit prejudice:

Answer 6

evaluations that we consciously
hold about a group of people
* Deliberate
* We have awareness of our explicit prejudices

Question 7

Implicit prejudice:

Answer 7

unconscious evaluations that
nevertheless impact our actions and decisions
* We do not (necessarily) have awareness of our
implicit prejudices
* Result from socialization processes
* Can be different/contradict explicit beliefs

Question 8

Ambivalent prejudice

Answer 8

refers to a form of bias where positive and
negative feelings coexist towards a particular social group.
* Recognizes that individuals can hold mixed evaluations that are both
favorable and unfavorable about a target group

Question 9

Behavioural instability

Answer 9

refers to inconsistency in the behaviour of
individuals towards members of a target group
* Arises when there is a conflict between explicit values and implicit
prejudices → which determines our behaviour depends on social
context

Question 10

Implicit prejudices will often guide out thoughts, feelings and actions
when…

Answer 10

1. When local norms support our implicit prejudices
2. When there is “justification” for implicit prejudices

Question 11

Collective emotion

Answer 11

refers to shared emotional experiences among a
group of people that occur in response to events that impact the group
as a whole
* Tied to identification with the group

Question 12

Collective emotions motivate collective action for a variety of reasons:

Answer 12

1. Increased solidarity: shared collective emotions signal common
   treatment and common purpose
2. Motivate action: collective sense of illegitimacy (anger and outrage)
   motivate collective solutions
3. Direct action: different collective emotions motivate different actions;
   for instance, fear motivates protective/preventative actions, whereas
   collective anger motivates confrontation
4. Sustain collection actions: emotions such as hope or pride can maintain
   motivation over time, even in the face of obstacles/setbacks
5. Amplification: can bring more attention to the cause, recruit
   participants, and lead to more intense collective action

Question 13

Cognitive alternatives

Answer 13

the perceived possibility of improving one’s
ingroup status or changing the existing intergroup relations

Question 14

Institutionalized racism:

Answer 14

The systematic distribution of resources,
power, and opportunity in a society to the benefit of people who are
white and the exclusion of people of color.