Imperialism Flashcards
Spanish-American War
Colonial War- fought in Spanish colonies
Caribbean: Cuba and Puerto Rico
Southeast: Philippine islands
Jose Martí= resistance leader in Cuba
Luis Muños Rivera= resistance leader in Puerto Rico
U.S.S Maine sailed into Havanna harbor and one morning it exploded
Yellow Journalism claimed that it was Spain’s fault
The people pressured America, so we had no choice but to declare war
Within a week we capture Cuba in the battle of San Juan Hill, featuring a crucial charge lead by Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders- a ragtag group of soldiers from versatile backgrounds- charging up a massive hill and a huge, significant victory for America
Battle of Manilla Bay- battle in Philippines- clean sweep and huge victory for America- causes Spain to surrender- there was also an ongoing rebellion in The Philippines
Treaty of Paris ends the war with America acquiring Puerto Rico and Guam- we also pay 20 million dollars for The Philippines
Platt Amendment states that we claim Cuba as a protectorate, not a colony
Getting The Philippines is bad because we promised their resistance leader Emilio Aguinaldo their freedom if they helped when instead we colonize them- this is what starts The Philippine- American War
William H. Seward
Secretary of State who is most well known for purchasing Alaska from Russia without permission- he was able to get away with it because Andrew Johnson was getting impeached at the same time- he was also criticized for the purchase
He was also targeted by assassins and fought back with his cane
Queen Liliuokalani
Queen of Hawaii who was overthrown by sugar planters of American descent and put in jail by gunpoint because her polocies would negatively impact their income
William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
Two competing newspaper tycoons- both of their newspapers had a lot of yellow journalism, which over dramatized stories- this had an influence in the Spanish-American War
Grover Cleveland
POTUS who was an anti-imperialist and denied the annexation of Hawaii+
supported Queen Liliuokalani
William McKinley
POTUS who was the opposite of Grover Cleveland- huge imperialist that let Hawaii be annexed 5 years after Cleveland shot it down
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Author who wrote many books about American imperialism while it was happening
Insurrection
A local revolution- this word was used by Teddy Roosevelt to falsely describe the Philippine-American War
Japan/Meiji Restoration
Japan= constantly invaded by China
Commodore Matthew Perry lead an expedition to Japan- we use gunboat diplomacy by arriving in huge warships in order to make them sign the treaty of Kanagawa, meaning that only the U.S can trade with Japan- this serves as an embarrassment for them for years to come
Meiji Restoration:
By 1850 Japan needs to open up- but they didn’t forget America and how they embarrassed them- by 1860s shogun (emperor) system doesn’t work anymore, and they become a nationalized country- apart of a country, not a clan!
Westernization:
1800s-1900s
Goal= make sure everyone is unified under a government- and then expand- this all happened very fast
1894-1895- Sino-Japanese war= first imperialist war fought by Japan
Open Door Policies
After Japan beat China in the Sino-Japanese war, China was essentially carved up, and everyone wanted a piece of it
1899 John Hay proposed that we make china think they were independent by creating “Spheres of Influence”- idea= China is open door and people are free to trade- a lot of profit without war!
After the Boxer Rebellion Open Door Policy is proposed again, as if we take colonies, that means more rebellion
Emilio Aguinaldo
Filipino resistance leader- very smart- was lied to when America took the Philippines- president of the Philippines as well
Empress Dowager Cixi
Controlled Chinese government during the Boxer Rebellion who secretly supported the Boxers because she didn’t like foreigners either
Theodore Roosevelt
POTUS who was a huge imperialist- fought in the Spanish-American War- he was the president during the Philippine-American War as well- added the Roosevelt Corollary
John Hay
Secretary of State who proposed the Open Door Policy
The Boxers
Also known as The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, The Boxers were a secret group of people in China who were against the Qing dynasty but most of all despised foreigners coming into china after it had been carved up
Eight Nation Alliance
Eight different countries including Austria-Hungary British Empire France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the U.S banded together to fight the Boxers during the Boxer Rebellion
Perry Expedition
Commodore Matthew Perry lead an expedition to Japan- we use gunboat diplomacy by arriving in huge warships in order to make them sign the treaty of Kanagawa, meaning that only the U.S can trade with Japan- this serves as an embarrassment for them for years to come
Philippine-American War
America= lied to Philippines, promising their freedom if they aided us during the Spanish American War when in reality we bought their land
Result= revolution soon after the purchase- Teddy Roosevelt referred to this war as an insurrection throughout it when in reality 200,000 Filipinos dead and 4,000 U.S soldiers killed
Roosevelt wanted this conflict to end by the time he became president- he claimed fighting was over when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in 1902, when in reality it ended in 1913
Filipinos used geurilla warfare, U.S uses concentration camps and waterboarding is used for the first time
Anti Imperialist league, Mark Twain spoke out about this
Balangiga Massacre:
Sneak attack on a group of U.S soldiers- 54 killed, and a huge embarrassment to America- Jacob H. Smith ordered a mass execution on Filipino soldiers because of this, and received a court marshall
Many muckrakers stated that this war was a direct contradiction of the Declaration of Independence
Sino-Japanese War
First imperialist war fought and won by Japan from 1894-1895 because they saw a vulnerability in China as well as control over Korea - a mostly naval war against China which slightly involved Korea as well that proved to the world that they had transformed into a global power, as well as exposing the weaknesses of China- this led to a chain reaction with the Open Door Policy and The Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion
Secret society in China called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists- also known as Boxers was formed- they were super against foreigners and christians in China, as it was getting carved up at the time
Boxers= killed a bunch of foreigners, citizens, and destroyed property- the conflict was quickly ended by the Eight Nation Alliance
Effect= this was the reason that the Open Door Policy was brought up again, as countries wanted to avoid conflicts like this one
Russo-Japanese War
Fought between Russia and Japan primarily over control of Manchuria-mostly fought in Manchuria and ultimately won by Japan and gave them even more of a presence
Treaty of Portsmouth:
Overseen by Teddy Roosevelt- officially gave Japan control of Korea
Great White Fleet
U.S is threatened by Japan after The Russo-Japanese War- America sends the Great White Fleet to a journey around the world in order to show their naval power
Monroe Doctrine/ Roosevelt Corollary
POTUS James Monroe released the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the U.S had no influence in European affairs- Europe also had to stay out of America
Teddy Roosevelt wanted to put his own spin on things as McKinley brought in a lot- Roosevelt created the Roosevelt Corollary, which essentially stated that if your problems give Europe a idea to be involved with America, we get involved with you
After Venezuela didn’t pay Britain, we invaded them instead so Britain doesn’t get involved with Latin America
Isthmus
An isthmus is a skinny strip of land connecting two big other pieces of land, which was what the Panama Canal was before it was built
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft= more into quiet imperialism- wasn’t a fan of invasions or long wars- Philander Knox- entire policy= using economic strength to get what we want- economic incentives to get latin countries to make deals with us if money isn’t made
Tropical fruit took off because of refrigerated ships- Nicaragua had coffee and bananas- use money, not military investments- we essentially rip off native countries- they only get 15 percent of profit- Nicaragua pushes back so we overthrow and occupy them regime change- overthrow
Banana Republics/ United Fruit Company
Name for countries that were run by the U.S because of their valuable resources, especially bananas!
United Fruit Company= huge fruit monopoly- took over many countries as well- Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras= examples of countries controlled by this company
William H. Taft
POTUS who was in favor of imperialism, but a quiet kind of imperialism- didn’t like invasions or wars, but rather economic imperialism behind the scenes
Pancho Villa
Mexican revolutionary leader who was the face of the Mexican rebellion as well as the main antagonist of the Pancho Villa Expedition- assassinated a few years after the manhunt
John J. Pershing
General who lead the unsuccessful Pancho Villa Expedition- eventually became an important WWI general
Banana Wars
Quiet invasions to claim tobacco, bananas, and sugar- trade and make money!
Panama Canal
It was hard to transfer gold east of California, and it was easier to go through Panama, which was apart of Colombia at the time
1870s France made a deal with Colombia to lease land to them to attempt to build a canal in Panama’s isthmus- huge failure with many French workers dying of various diseases, and they gave up
When America tried to buy the leased land off of the French, Colombia stepped in- Colombia wanted too much money so Roosevelt intervened by paying for a revolution, and Panama quickly became independent- they approved to build the canal, and the design was a special gate system to push boats over the rock- it took 9 years to make a passageway through the canal divide- by 1913 construction was over and successful, with the canal still being used today
Mexican Revolution/ Pancho Villa Expedition
Mexican Revolution:
1910-1920 more or less a movement of working class against a dictatorship- majority of Mexican people didn’t have land/money/jobs- Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata teamed up against the dictatorship in Mexico and soon became the well-respected leaders of the rebellion
Pancho Villa Expedition:
After Woodrow Wilson turns his back on Pancho Villa, he ends up slaughtering 18 Americans and stealing their weapons, which gave the U.S an excuse to invade Mexico- Pancho Villa goes on a killing spree in Columbus New Mexico- America goes on a huge manhunt lead by John J. Pershing with high tech weapons such as planes, armored trucks, and motorcycles- search ends up being unsuccessful, but the good thing was that we were able to test out new equipment
