Imperialism Flashcards
imperialism
military, economic, and political domination of a strong country over a weaker one; can either take over or colonize based on location
what happens during the civil war
european restarts imperialism
result of US being late to imperialism
nothing is really left/all good plans taken
domestic policy
focus on reconstruction; settling the west (newly freed men)
economic policy
industrialization (late on this too) (expand to compete w European countries)
foreign policy
isolaitonism and internationalism
isolationism
keeping to ourselves; not interacting with other countries
internationalism
interacting with other countries
what were the reasons for america’s desire to expand
economic concerns (raw materials/new materials) and anglo saxonism
anglo saxonism
the racist belief that cultural superiority lies in english-speaking nations
what was the US sharing/spreading (anglo saxonism)
language, ideas, value, government, religion; christianity and civilization
how to expand
military strength and modernize navy
Who was Alfred Thayer Mahan
professor and president of naval college; wrote “The Influence of Sea Power on History” conclusion was that a strong navy= strong country
US 4 part p;an (to become a naval power)
- military/naval bases in pacific
- military/navy bases in the Caribbean sea
- modern navy (newest technology
- connect pacific and Atlantic oceans
how did the US have a modernized navy
$ from congress
18 new battleships
makes US 3rd largest navy
alaska purchase
US purchased in 1867 from Russia for $7.2 million by William Seward (secretary of state) “Seward’s Folly” (mistake)
why did William Seward purchase Alaska
protection/buffer between US and Russia; eventually becomes a good purchase because of natural resources
why was the US interested in Hawaii
economy: raw materials (sugar) and new markets
anglo saxonism: monarchy, language, polytheistic
what did Americans invest in
sugar plantations and cheap labor(china, japan)
what did Americans invest in
sugar plantations and cheap labor(china, japan)
what did sugar from Hawaii require
tariffs
what did the Treaty of 1875 say
Hawaiian sugar could go into the US “duty free” (no tariffs)
King Kamehameha I
had to agree to make economic agreements with other countries
what did the Treaty of 1875 help
starts helping US gain control of Hawaii
when was the Treaty of 1875 renewed
1887
renew Treaty of 1887
- sugar continues to go to US without tariffs
- continue no economic agreements with other countries
- add US gets exclusive use of Pearl Harbor (in Pacific)
- Hawaiian constitution had to give voting rights to land owners (gave Americans more political power than Native Hawaiians)
Mckinley (Us Rep) Tariff of 1890
increase tariffs and add a tariff to Hawaiian sugar
affect on Hawaiian sugar (Mckinley Tariff of 1890)
cause a decline in the Hawaiian sugar industry (raised prices to get same profit)
when and who acquired Hawaii
1891 by Queen Liliuokalani
what did Queen Liliuokalani do
“Hawaii for Hawaiians”
rewrote the Hawaiian constitution removing landowner requirements
what did american planters do
150 marines were sent to Hawaii to “protect american interest”
it took them 3 days to get her to surrender her throne
what did President Cleveland declare Hawaii
a republic (gov for the people)
President sandford Dole
first president of the republic Hawaii (1893-1898)
when did president McKinnley annex Hawaii
1899 and it becomes a US territory
when did Hawaii become a state
1959
where is cuba
90 miles south of flordia in caribbean sea
prior to 1890’s, who controlled Cuba
Spain
sugar industry in Cuba
its important to them
1/3 of the world’s sugar
causes of the spanish-american war
american investments in cuba
jose marti
general weyler
yellow journalism
de lome letter
USS Maine
american investments in cuba
infrastructure (railroads, harbors)
plantations
trying to invest to help them grow and move sugar faster
Jose Marti
Cuban nationalist +rebel (wanted Cuban control over Cuba)
he was exiled out of Cuba + he went to NYC + gets support for Cuban independence there
General weyer
Spanish general in Cuba
“The Butcher” (given by Cuban rebels)
concentration camps (for the Cuban rebels to have them all in the same place)
Yellow Journalism
exaggeration/sensationalizing news stories to gain interest
two people in yellow journalsim
William Randolph Hearst- NY journal
Joseph Pulitzer- NY World
they competed against each other to sell newspaper so made everything look worse
De Lone Letter
- Feb 9, 1898 (dated letter)
- letter to Spanish politicians in Cuba and tells them President McKinley is weak and isn’t gonna start a war with Spain bc he’s weak
- Cuban rebels interpreted this letter, sent it to the US, and it got posted in newspapers for everyone to see
De Lome
- he was the Spanish ambassador to US
- from Spain and lived in US
- job: know everything about US to tell Spain
USS Maine
- Feb 15, 1898 (it exploded and sunk in the harbor)
- docked in Havana Harbor (in Cuba) in case Americans need it
- when it sank it killed 266 Americans
- Spanish was blamed for this explosion
- 1970 (divers went into the harbor and discovered it was an accident)
march 1898
president mckinely asked congress to increase our defense budget by $50 million
what does the US ask Spain to do in the peace offering they give them
- stop fighting rebels (yes)
- close reconcentration camps (let rebels go) (maybe)
- move to cuban independence (no)
Spain’s response to the peace offering
- suspend fighting
- consider removing camps
- leave generals there
congressional joint resolution
- April 20, 1898
- recognizes Cuba as independent
- teller amendment -> says US has no intention of taking Cuba
When does congress declare war on Spain
April 25, 1898
15 weeks
What name did John Hay (sec of state) give the Spanish-American war
splendid little war
military strategy in philippines
Admiral Dewey- in charge of the American fleet stationed in China
- he was told if congress declared war on Spain to take his fleet to the Philippines and attack the Spanish
Emilio Aguinaldo- Philipine rebel against Spanish control in Philippines
military strategy in Cuba
Theodore Roosevelt (assistant sec of navy)
- here resigned from this position to fight in the war
- rough riders: cavalry (on horses) (his group of fighters)
- he had his uniform designed and had media follow him (trying to make a name/image of himself)
deaths in spanish american war
385 americans killed by fighting
over 2,000 Americans killed by illness
Treaty of Paris- 1898
written in December
1. Spain acknowledged Cuban independence
2. US acquired Spanish territory of Puerto Rico
3. US acquired Spanish territory of Guam
4. US purchased Philippines for $20 million
Debate of the Treaty of Paris
2 main groups debating: anti-imperialist vs imperialist
anti-imperialists
- self-determination
- cost to defend
- Asian politics
- assimilation (become similar)
- job competition
- we have enough problems
imperialists
- extra military bases
- improve trade with Asia
- “white man’s burden” (we have to bring our culture, ideas, gov, language, etc to all these places + its our burden to bear)
when was the treaty of paris of 1898 ratified
feb 6, 1899
puerto rico and guam (america and its empire)
- provide military bases/alliances
- they dont really put up a fight about US acquiring them
cuba (america and its empire)
- US occupies Cuba for 5 years after Spanish-American war
- direct + guide them in writing their new constitution
-platt amendment
platt amendment
- foreign governments (cant enter into agreement with a foreign country that could jeopardize Cuba’s independence)
- US has exclusive use of Guantanamo Bay (28,000 acres)
- US presence in Cuba
US presence in Cuba
- we guide them toward stable gov
- rebuild/build buildings, roads, railroads (anything that improves Cuba + trade)
- stable economy
Dr. Walter Reid
responsible for eliminating the threat of yellow fever
Philippines issues with the US
- expectation of post-spanish-american war
- they expected independence especially after they helped US fight Cuba and we gave Cuba independence - involvement with treaty/terms
- they weren’t in Paris/congress when it came to treaty. they had no involvement about US purchasing them
Philippine-American war 1899
- Filipino rebels led by Aguinaldo
- lasted 3 years
- US sent 130,000 soldiers
- about 100,000 Filipinos died in concentration camps (disease, lack of water/food, torture, trying to escape)
- William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft
- 1st governor of the Philippines in 1901
- referred to Filipinos as “his little brown people”
- billions: we spend billions building to turn the Philippines into somewhere useful for trading
US and China
1800s
wars that weakened China (internal and external)
Spheres of Influence
when a stronger country gets control of an area of industry of a weaker country
- England, France, Russia, Germany, Japan
US wanted more trade with China
- John Hay (sec of state)
- he wrote open door notes -> letter -. 5 countries spheres of influence
- it said trade with china should be an open door
boxer rebellion 1900
- chinese nationalists (china’s greatest men)
- rebelled by killing missionaries + destruction
- spheres + US sent soldiers ended rebellion
- US concerened
Open Door Policy
- equal trade opportunities in China
- respect China’s independence
- Respect China’s territorial integrity
America’s views on trade
- need to export goods -> need open markets
- right to intervene to keep markets open
- threatening American markets is a threat to American survival
Theodore Roosevelt (career)
- military (fought sp-am)
- assistant of sec of navy
- led rough riders in war
- NY police commission man
- VP- for Mckinley 2nd term
- President
Teddy as President
- Domestic Policy- is not going to be ignored
- Foreign Policy
- Great White Fleet
- Panama Canal
- US soldiers dominance in Latin America
- Foreign Policy
“speak softly + carry a big stick”
big stick= military (show you how great I am, don’t speak it) (uses military to get what you want)
- Great White Fleet
painted our naval ships white and sent them on a tour around the world
- Panama Canal (why build)
- connect atl and pac oceans
- Spanish American war emphasizes need bc it tool the USS Oregon 71 days from cali to carribean
- help with trade (easier, faster, less expensive to ship)
who should build the panama canal
- 1850: US + GB signed Clayton Bulwer Treaty
- 1901: US + GB signed Hay Pauncefote Treaty
Clayton Bulwer Treaty
promise between US that theyd build a canal across central America together
Hay Pauncefote Treaty
GB backing out bc they werent ready to build canal
pros/cons of canal in Nicaragua
- 200 mile long canal- con
- easier digging(land in middle is dry)
- sovereign nation (own nation)
pros/cons of canal in Panama
pros
- 50 mile long canal
- getting started wouldn’t be that difficult bc years before the French had kinda started a canal until bankrupt
cons
- bc panama is narrow and water on both sides, land is swampy so infrastructure walls to build canal
- atm panama was controlled by columbia
hat-herran treaty
- between US and Columbia
- US lease land from Columbia (50 miles long, 6 miles wide)
-wed pay 10 million (deposit) then 250,000 a year for 99 years
Why did Columbia refuse the Hay-Herran Treaty at first
- not enough money
- they were afraid we’d eventually take over Panama if they gave US 50 by 6
Panamanian revolution
- US sent 12 battleships to hangout in water around columbia
- Panamanians rebel against Columbia
- lasted 5 days
- US recognized Panama as independent
Hay-Bunav-Varilla Treaty
- we offer same terms to Panama after their independence
- they say yes
US purchased the Virgin Islands
- 1917
- from Denmark for $25 million (bc we heard Germany was interested)
How does purchasing Virgin Islands solve problems
Venezuela and Dominican Republic both borrowed $ from Europe and couldn’t pay it back (we pay it off for them)
Monroe Doctrine
- 1823
- written by James Monroe + said western hemisphere was closed to European colonization
What is added to the Monroe Doctrine in 1901
Roosevelt Corollary
what does the Roosevelt Corollary state
that the US could intervene if there was a financial crisis in Latin America (rather a country be in dept to the US than other countries)
