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Ecology of Aquatic Environments > Impacts of Pollution Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Oil) > Flashcards

Impacts of Pollution Petroleum Hydrocarbons (Oil) Flashcards

1
Q

What is petroleum (Oil)?

A

Is naturally occurring, smelly, liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic compounds

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2
Q

Where can oil be found?

A

Underneath the surface
-Naturally occurring unprocessed crude oils

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3
Q

What is petroleum used for?

A

Used as fossil fuels for producing fuel, oil and petrol

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4
Q

What are some issues with oil?

A

-Is a finite and non-renewable energy source
-Major GHG pollutant

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5
Q

Who is the biggest producer of oil?

A

OPEC

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6
Q

What does OPEC stand for?

A

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

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7
Q

Which OPEC member produces the most oil?

A

Saudi Arabia

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8
Q

What countries use the most oil?

A

USA and China

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9
Q

What are sources of oil pollution?

A

Nonpoint sources
Point sources

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10
Q

Describe nonpoint sources

A

-Causes long term buildup
-General shipping industry, urban runoff, atmospheric inputs people dumping used motor oil from their cars

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11
Q

Describe point sources of pollution

A

-Oil spills or leaks from oil platforms, tankers, dry docking, coastal oil refineries, licensed dumping at sea
-Cause more concentrated, by much shorter term damage

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12
Q

How many tons of crude oil was transported by sea in 2020?

A

1.86 billion metric tons

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13
Q

What size is the global fleet of oil tankers?

A

2,210

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14
Q

What factors influence the degradation process of spilled oil

A

-Composition, quantity and duration of oil discharged
-Time of year and weather conditions at which it occurs
-Temperature of the air and the receiving water body and the supply of oxygen in the water
-Species composition in the area affected and the properties of the shoreline (rocky, sandy, mud flats)
-Amount of oil-degrading micro-organisms in the are

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15
Q

What is the physical, chemical and biological degradation of oil called?

A

Weathering

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16
Q

What are chemical forms of weathering oil?

A

Evaporation
Oxidation

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17
Q

What is an example of non-persistent oil?

A

Kerosene (light oil)

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18
Q

What is an example of a persistent oil?

A

Crude oil

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19
Q

What is some biological forms of oil weathering?

A

Biodegradation

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20
Q

What is some forms of physical weathering of oil?

A

Spreading
Dispersion
Sedimentation
Emulsification
Dissolution

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21
Q

Describe chemical dispersion

A

Chemical dispersion is achieved by apply chemicals designed to remove oil from the water surface by breaking the oil into small droplets

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22
Q

What are some methods to clean up oil at sea?

A

Dispersion (chemical)
Burning
Booms
Skimming

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23
Q

What does an effective clean-up operation include?

A

-Removal of bulk oil contamination
-Reducing geographical extent and duration of pollution damage
-Allowing natural recovery to commence

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24
Q

What flaws are there to clean up methods?

A

Oil skimming boats don’t pick 100% of oil
Concerns over human health and environmental impacts of chemical dispersants

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25
Q

Describe chemical dispersants

A

-Sprayed onto sea surface
-Oil is broken into tiny droplets
-Over time broken down further by oil-eating bacteria, sunlight and wave action
-Dispersed in ocean or sink to bottom

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26
Q

Give a timeline of chemical dispersants

A
  1. Application of dispersant
  2. Initial dispersion
  3. Bacterial colonisation of dispersant and dispersed oil droplets
  4. Bacterial degradation of oil and dispersant
  5. Colonisation of bacterial aggrates by protzoans and nematodes
    1 -2 days to 4 weeks
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27
Q

What impact does oil pollution have on wetland ecosystems?

A

Oiled, degraded or eroding marsh may reduce productivity

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28
Q

What impact does oil pollution have on nearshore benthos?

A

Tarmats and oil in sediments may reduce benthic productivity and may affect food web

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29
Q

What effects does oil pollution have on the photic zone?

A

Surface and dispersed oil may affect base of food web, larval fish are particularly sensitive to effects of oiling

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30
Q

What impacts does oil pollution have on top predators?

A

Predators may be affected by degradation of food web, and by direct health effects from oiling

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31
Q

What effect does oil pollution have on the deep benthos?

A

Destruction of long-lived deep corals may reduce biodiversity and deep ocean productivity

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32
Q

What stressors on organism’s does oil pollution cause

A

-Reduced light
-Reduced dissolved oxygen
-Smothering
-Toxicity

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33
Q

What are lethal impacts of oil?

A

-Tissue mortality
-Larval Mortality
-Recruitment failure

34
Q

What are five sublethal impacts of oil expsure?

A

-Increased respiration
-Reproductive failure
-Reduced calcification
-Reduced Photosynthesis
-Increased mucus production

35
Q

What is the Exxon Valdez oil spill?

A

A supertanker, the Exxon Valdez ran aground spilling 11 million gallons of Alaskan North Slope Crude Oil

36
Q

How many miles of coastline were contaminated by Exxon Valdez?

A

1990 km of coastline

37
Q

What year did Exxon Valdez oil spill occur?

A

1989, off Prince William Sound

38
Q

What percentage of oil was recovered by response vessels within the first 48 hrs?

A

Less than 1 %

39
Q

What was the impact on the wildlife from Exxon Valdez?

A

-Mass mortality of macroalgae and benthic invertebrates on oiled shores
-Killed by combination of chemical toxicity, smothering and physical displacement from habitat by pressurized water wash

40
Q

How many sea otters were killed? (Exxon)

A

1000 -2800 sea otters

41
Q

How many sea birds were killed (Exxon)

A

2800 - 5500 sea birds

42
Q

How many orca were killed (Exxon)

A

22

43
Q

What economic harm did the Exxon oil spill cause?

A

$300 million, 32,000 people lost their livelihoods

44
Q

How much beaches showed oil 12 years after the spill (Exxon)

A

Oil was still found on half of 91 randomly selected beaches

45
Q

How many workers did the cleanup require?

A

10,000 workers, 1,000 boats and 100 airplanes
4 people were killed via cleanup efforts

46
Q

How much of the oil was recorded (Exxon)

A

Only around 7% of the oil spilled

47
Q

What was the results of the NOAA survey in 2014 for orca populations (Exxon)

A

Orcas from pod AB (fish eating) suffered 20% loss of females- suppressed reproduction but recovering

Orcas from pod At1 (mammal eating) 40% loss, have not reproduced since the incident, declining towards extinction

48
Q

What orca pod eats fish (Exxon)

A

Pod AB

49
Q

What orca pod is mammal eating?

A

AT1

50
Q

What is the results of sea otter recovery by NOAA 2014 (Exxon)

A

Recovery of about 4% per annum since 2000

51
Q

What species are not recovering after Exxon oil spil?

A

-Herring
-Orca pod At1
-Pigeon guillemots
(NOAA 2014)

52
Q

How much was Exxon fined for the disaster?

A

$150 million dollars

53
Q

What impact has the Exxon spill had on herring?

A

The spring herring season has been closed for 19 of the past 24 years

54
Q

What was Deepwater Horizon?

A

A floating offshore oil drilling rig contracted to British Petroleum (BP)

55
Q

When did the Deepwater Horizon accident occur?

A

20th April 2010

56
Q

How many people were killed during the accident (DH)?

A

11 workers

57
Q

How many barrels of oil a day was released (DH)?

A

60,000 barrels a day

58
Q

How much oil was estimated to be released into the Gulf of Mexico?

A

154 million barrels of oil
(24 billion litres)

59
Q

When was the spill capped (DH)?

A

3 months later, July 15th

60
Q

Where was the Deepwater Horizon disaster?

A

At Macondo Prospect

61
Q

How many national parks are in the Gulf area?

A

Area of high biodiversity
8 National parks and sensitive marshland habitats

62
Q

What states had their beaches polluted?

A

Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama

63
Q

How far did oil plumes stretch underwater (DH)?

A

16 km in some areas

64
Q

How thick was the residue on the sea floor in some areas? (DH)

A

2 - 5 inches thick

65
Q

How many birds were collected and how many were dead? (DH)

A

1,746 birds
997 were dead

66
Q

How many sea turtles were collected? (DH)

A

528 collected
400 dead

67
Q

How many mammals were collected? (DH)

A

51 collected
47 dead
Death toll higher, many lost at sea

68
Q

How many seafood processors are along the Gulf coast?

A

195, employing 9,000 workers

69
Q

How much money has the Deepwater Horizon spill cost the fishing industry?

A

Estimated cost of $2.4 billion

70
Q

When were waters re-opened for fishing? (DH)?

A

6 weeks

71
Q

What chemical was used to clean up DH and why is it controversial?

A

-Corexit
-Highly toxic, banned in Canada and Europe
-Unknown long term consequences for wildlife and human health

72
Q

What % of the DH oil spill evaporated or dissolved?

A

25%

73
Q

What % of the DH oil spill was removed?

A

17%

74
Q

How much of the DH oil was chemically dispersed?

A

8%

75
Q

How much has BP paid out in claims?

A

$11.3 billion

76
Q

How much of the oil remained unaccounted for in 2012?

A

60%

77
Q

How many gallons of chemical dispersants were used by 2012?

A

1.8 million

78
Q

What percentage of residents exposed to crude oil or dispersants show health problems?

A

75% two years on

79
Q

How much shrimp did fishermen catch per week before and after the accident (DH)

A

4,000 pounds per week before
800 pounds per week 2 years later

80
Q

What % of bottlenose dolphin pregnancies are successful in the Gulf after the accident? (DH)

A

Only 20%

81
Q

What ecological effects were observed in year 2 after the oil spill (DH)

A

-Killifish impacts reported
-Deep-sea coral damage
-Continued low oyster survival in Louisiana

82
Q

What can cause re-oiling in the Gulf?

A

Tropical storms like Karen and Hurricane Isaac

Ecology of Aquatic Environments (14 decks)

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