Impact of the treaty and wider settlement Flashcards
3,1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5
what were the people of Britain’s attitudes towards the Germans?
- little sympathy
- barely a single family in Britain that had not lost a son, brother or husband in the war
- suffered food shortages- ready to see Germany pay
what was a popular newspaper headline towards the Germans in Britain?
“Hang the Kaiser”
what was Lloyd George happy about with the ToV?
- the British Empire gained extra colonies- now covered 1/3 of the globe
- German navy was restricted- Britain could rule the seas with little competition
what was Lloyd George concerned about with the ToV?
- loss of German land
- people in Poland ( kicked out of Germany) would want to return to Germany
- reparations were too harsh
- Britain would lose an important trade partner
- German people would resent the Treaty so much it could result in another war
what were the reactions of the French towards Germany and its people?
- most of the fighting took place in France- country was badly affected by the war
- French were determined that Germany should be punished severely
what were the French people happy about with the ToV?
- they were no longer threatened by the Germany army in the Rhineland
- they were receiving reparations
- they were given control of the Saar for 15 years- would help them economically
what were the French people angry about with the ToV?
they thought their suffering during the war had been far greater than the Germans’ suffering would be- thought the Treaty should be much harder
what was Clemenceau angry about?
- Germany was allowed an army
- Germany still had the Rhineland
- Germany was not a small, powerless state
- France was not given the Saar permanently
- £6.6 billion was too little
what did the people of the USA think about the ToV for Germans?
- many Americans thought the treaty was too harsh and unfair on Germany
- Wilson was helping Britain and France become more powerful & rich at Germany’s expense
- they favoured isolationism- felt the US should not get involved in affairs in Europe as it did more harm than good
- they wanted a fair treaty that guaranteed peace in the future
why could Wilson and America not join the LoN?
- Republicans argued that the Treaty was not based on the 14 Points
- therefore it was not in America’s best interests
what were the German government known as?
the November Criminals
what happened in Germany in 1918?
- October- revolts in Germany- people protest about the war & food shortages
- 11th November- armistice is signed- Kaiser Willhelm II abdicates
what happened in 1919 in Germany?
- 4-15 January- Communists attempt to overthrow the government- they fail
- 28th June- ToV is signed
- 11th August- German Revolution ends- Weimar Constitution ( a list of rules the new democratic government must follow) is accepted
what happened in 1920 in Germany?
- March- Kapp Putsch
what happened in 1921 in Germany?
- April- LoN agrees Germany should pay £6.6 billion in reparations
what happened in 1923 in Germany?
- January- Germany misses a reparations payment- French invade the Ruhr- Germany print more money- the economy crumbles
- November- hyperinflation- Munich Putsch led by Hitler
what happened in 1924 in Germany?
- August- Dawes Plan- America lends Germany 800 million gold marks to help them rebuild their economy
who ran the country once the Kaiser abdicated?
- the Weimar Republic was set up
what did people think about the Weimar Republic?
- they wanted one, strong leader
- they thought the government wasn’t helping people fast enough
- many revolts broke out
what were the first 5 years after the War like for Germany?
unstable and violent
how many German civilians had died of starvation after the war?
763,000
how much coal did Germany lose?
16%
how much steel did Germany lose?
48%
how much land did Germany lose?
13%
how many Germans found themselves living in different countries?
- nearly 6 million
why was German civilians now living in different countries dangerous?
they feared persecution- especially since Germany had been forced to accept the war guilt clause
what was bad about Germany losing 13% of their land?
German families were forced off land they had owned for generations
how was the ToV a diktat?
Germany was not allowed to send representatives to the conference or to negotiate- they had to accept whatever terms they were given
what country did the Treaty of St Germain affect the most?
Austria
what date was the Treaty of St Germain signed?
10th September 1919
The Treaty of St Germain: land?
- Austria lost land to Italy & Romania
- land was taken to create the new states of Czechoslovakia & Yugoslavia
- Poland, which was a new country, was also given land too
The Treaty of St Germain: military restrictions?
- 30,000 men in the army
- no conscription
- no navy
what country was mainly affected by the Treaty of Neuilly?
Bulgaria
what date was the Treaty of Neuilly signed?
27th November 1919
the Treaty of Neuilly: land?
Bulgaria lost land to Yugoslavia, Greece and Romania
the Treaty of Neuilly: reparations?
£100 million
the Treaty of Neuilly: military restrictions?
- army limited to 20,000 men
- no conscription
- no air force- only allowed 4 battleships
what country was mainly affected by the Treaty of Trianon?
Hungary
what date was the Treaty of Trianon signed on?
4th June 1920
the Treaty of Trianon: land?
Hungarian land was lost to Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Austria
the Treaty of Trianon: military restrictions?
- 30,000 men in the Hungarian army
- no conscription
- only allowed 3 patrol boats
what was the main country affected by the Treaty of Sevres?
Turkey
what date was the Treaty of Sevres signed on?
10th August 1920
the Treaty of Sevres: land?
- Turkey lost land to Greece
- in Europe Turkey lost all its land, except a small area around the capital of Constantinople
- the Turkish (Ottoman) Empire was split up
the Treaty of Sevres: military restrictions?
- Turkish army was restricted to 50,000 men
- navy was restricted to 7 sail boats & 6 torpedo boats
the Treaty of Sevres: other terms?
- Turkish controlled the Dardanelles & the Bosphorus straits- important waterways that connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean- the Treaty said they must keep these open to other countries
- the allies were allowed to keep troops in Turkey
what was the impact of the Treaty of Sevres?
- Turkish people were so angry- they revolted and overthrew the government
- new president threatened to fight the Allies over the treaty- British were not prepared to fight another war so they agreed to overwrite the treaty with the Treaty of Lausanne
what was the Treaty of Sevres overthrown with?
the Treaty of Lausanne
what date was the Treaty of Lausanne signed on?
July 1923
what did Turkey gain from the Treaty of Lausanne?
- some of the land Greece had taken
- control of the Dardanelles & Bosphorus straits
- the right to decide how big their armed forces were
- reparations were cancelled and allied troops were withdrawn
why were the changes to the Treaty of Sevres significant?
- proved other treaties were unenforceable
- people were scared of returning to war so they were forced to use force to deal with broken treaties
- Britain agreed to make a new, fairer treaty- undermined all the treaties
- Mussolini & Hitler realised they could get away with breaking international laws & no-one would stop them
why did Czechoslovakia work well?
- rich in natural resources
- politically stable
- well-respected in European politics
what new country was formed in the buffer zone between Germany and the USSR?
Poland
