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AUDE 5450 AMP 1 > Impact of Auditory Damage on Perception > Flashcards

Impact of Auditory Damage on Perception Flashcards

1
Q

audibility of ___ phonemes becomes difficult

A

softer

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2
Q

degree of threshold loss is

A

disproportionate

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3
Q

The degree of threshold loss is disproportionate
what does this mean

A

Loss is typically greater in high frequencies while low frequency audibility is not as affected

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4
Q

what are the impacts of threshold loss on audibility

A

difficulty hearing softer phonemes
disproportionate threshold loss (HF loss is greater than LF loss)
listener perceives volume as loud enoug (LF) despite inaudibility of consonant sounds (HF) (I can hear people but i don’t understand them)

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5
Q

perception of how loud a sound is comes from

A

low frequency audibility

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6
Q

hearing deals with

A

volume and loudness

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7
Q

How much support does 2k Hz alone supply?

A

35% of speech intelligibility comes from audibility of speech signals at 2k Hz

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8
Q

high frequency audibility is critical for

A

speech understanding

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9
Q

Which frequencies contribute the most to speech intelligibility.

A

high frequencies?

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10
Q

95% of speech intelligibility comes from audibility of speech signals ranging from

A

500 to 5k Hz

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11
Q

35% of speech intelligibility comes from audibility of speech signals at

A

2 kHz

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12
Q

3k Hz and higher adds an additional

A

25%

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13
Q

when fitting HA’s we are focused on kHz range

A

500-5000

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14
Q

___% of word recognition is determined by speech energy between 500- 2000Hz

A

70

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15
Q

frequencies below 500 and above 5k provide different kinds of information that may be important to

A

spatial hearing & hearing in noise

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16
Q

linear amplification

A

An equal amount of gain applied to every incoming signal both soft and loud
Adds an equal amount of gain to soft, moderate and loud input levels
signal processing doesn’t take reduced dynamic range into consideration

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17
Q

nonlinear amplification

A

compression is added
Signal processing uses compression to increase intensity of soft signals while decreasing intensity of loud signals
Output signal is shaped into a reduced dynamic range by adding more gain to soft sounds and less gain to loud sounds

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18
Q

nonlinear is also called

A

automatic gain control

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19
Q

what is the role of compression

A

to decrease dynamic range of the signals in the environment so all the signals of interest can fit within the restricted dyanmic range of hi person

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20
Q

what is automatic gain control

A

applies different amounts of gain to different input levels

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21
Q

hearing aid is deciding the intensity of all the sounds arriving through microphone and it is automatically deciding to add gain (a lot, a little, take away) etc.

A

agc

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22
Q

what is dynamic range

A

Range from threshold to uncomfortable listening level

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23
Q

how does abnormal loudness growth occur

A

OHC damage results in loss of amplification of soft signals while IHC continue to detect louder signals

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24
Q

what is abnormal loudness growth

A

Individuals with threshold loss perceive sound shifting from too soft to too loud more rapidly
*complaint = increased sensitivity to loud signals
due to PT not hearing softer sounds because the amplifiers are gone and rapidly the sound goes from soft to too loud
result of reduce dynamic range
distance bw threshold and too loud becomes smaller

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25
Q

what is no recruitment

A

no loudness growth
separation stays even with loudness growth

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26
Q

what is partial recruitment

A

near normal fxn but not quite the same

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27
Q

complete recruitment

A

when we catch up with loudness growth to normal hearing

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28
Q

when we catch up with loudness growth to normal hearing

A

loudness growth

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29
Q

How do modern hearing aids manage frequency specific variations in a person’s dynamic range?

A

Amplification applies different compression ratios across frequency ranges to shape an output signal into a reduced dynamic range
done by manipulating compression in frequency shaping channels

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30
Q

what is multi channel compression

A

different frequency ranges
have gain for soft sounds and less for loud

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31
Q

what is compression ratio

A

how much is compressed bw soft and moderate inputs and moderate and loud inputs

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32
Q

why is there a lot of compressiokn around 2kHz

A

because we want more compression for speech

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33
Q

what is frequency resolution

A

Auditory systems ability to detect discrete frequencies in the cochlea

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34
Q

how does as detect discrete frequencies in the cochlea

A

Acoustic signal creates a traveling wave that results in one sharp peak on the basilar membrane at a point equal to the input frequency
Produces clearly defined vibration at one narrowly defined site along basilar membrane

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35
Q

what is meant by the bm is frequency specific

A

Tuned so that when certain bundle of cells are stimulated it will create one sharp frequency peak (tuning peak)
Ex: a 2000 Hz will always hear and stimulate the same place on the bm every time that sound goes in etc.

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36
Q

what supplies the frequency resolution needed for speech intelligibility in noise

A

sharp peaks

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37
Q

helps the healthy cochlea detect discreetly intense signals in narrow frequency regions within complex listening environments (i.e., listening in the presence of multi-talker babble)

A

frequency resolution

38
Q

help us to hear in noise

A

sharp peaks

39
Q

how do sharp peaks allow us to hear in complex listening environments

A

Sharp tuning curve peaks pierce through the noise differentiating the desired signal (speech) from the less desired signal (noise)

as you focus on a voice in noise, the sharp peaks allow to tune into certain things to understand speech

40
Q

what is upward spread of masking

A

Intense low frequencies mask weaker higher frequencies

if basilar membrane can’t create a sharp audible tuning curve in higher frequencies than low frequency OHC amplification overwhelms audibility of softer HF signals

41
Q

Why does reduced frequency resolution make it difficult to understand speech in noise?

A

once OHC no longer amplify soft signals the bm no longer has sharp tuning curves
because of this frequency resolution decreases causing the primary signal to no longer be enhanced and in turn makes it hard to determine the desired signal from the undesired signal

understanding is diminished because the brain cannot untangle the desired signal from the undesired noise

42
Q

what is temporal resolution

A

as ability to detect small time changes in acoustic stimuli over time

43
Q

why do we need good temporal resolution

A

needed to understand speech in noise

44
Q

what can an awareness of time related cues help us to do

A

differentiate sounds that sound similar

45
Q

what is gap detection

A

identifying the brief gaps or pauses between syllables, words, sentences, etc.

first temporal process

without it words form together

thresholds are typically between 2 and 20 milliseconds (ms)

spoon vs soon

46
Q

what is phonemic duration

A

similar words are distinguished from one another by tiny differences in duration and order

can vs cant

47
Q

what are time related cues examples

A

gap detection
phonemic duration
temporal ordering
suprasegmentals

48
Q

what is temporal ordering

A

can we retai the order sounds come in or do they get mixed up
boots vs boost
VOT (longer for voiceless, short for voiced)
consonant duration - longer in boost

49
Q

what are suprasegmentals

A

provide us with meaning (is it a question, demand, etc.)

patterns of stress, intonation rhythm

50
Q

The _____ the gap detection threshold, e.g. up to 300 msec, the _____ the probability that a person will have difficulty with speech discrimination

A

greater, greater

51
Q

what is an example of temporal resolution

A

time related cues

52
Q

person having difficulty with speech discrimination in greater gap detection represents what abnormality

A

bottom up auditory processing disorder

53
Q

what is temporal fine structure (TFS)

A

rapid fine oscillations providing info on timing in the temporal envelope

54
Q

Supports detectioin of speech & nonspeech signals in noise

A

TFS

55
Q

results in inability to extract information from the mixture of sounds conveyed bw rapidly fluctuating speech signal & noise

A

loss of ability to detect TFS

56
Q

Supports vowel identification & consonant place of articulation

A

TFS

57
Q

Cues are linked to melody/pitch perception and listening to speech in a competing background

A

TFS

58
Q

what is temporal envelope

A

slow overall changes in intensity over time

slower amplitude modulations superimposed on TFS

creates and measures an outline of acoustic signal

59
Q

cues are associated with speech perception in quiet

A

ENV

60
Q

Helps to identify manner of articulation, consonant voicing, duration, prosidic cues

A

ENV

61
Q

How will loss of audibility of tfs features impact speech intelligibility?

A

trouble understanding in noise

62
Q

How will loss of audibility of ENV features impact speech intelligibility?

A

difficulty understanding in quiet

63
Q

Current cochlear implant systems convey mainly _____ information in different frequency bands,

A

envelope

64
Q

why might cochlear implantees have relatively poor ability to undrstand speech in noise

A

current CI systems convey mainly envelop information and env helps to hear with no noise whereas tfs helps us to hear in noise

65
Q

Why do we need to know what a hA can and cannot do?

A

Signal processing in HAs may or may not be able to preserve both env (for understanding in quiet) & TFS (for understanding in noise)
Knowledge of signal processing tech is needed to determine which HA features preserve the critical info in the output signal

66
Q

Spatial hearing allows us to/benefits of spatial hearing

A

Determine location of a sound source

Unmask sounds otherwise masked by noise
Brain combines and analyzes info arriving from both ears for improved signal detection & identification of speech in noise

Shift our attention and focus on one sound source while ignoring another

Feel connected with the environment

67
Q

what is spatial hearing

A

ability of the as to determine the direction of a sound source

68
Q

provides localization

A

auditory nerve (neural timing)

69
Q

what is interaural timing differences

A

amount of time bw sound arriving to one ear to the other ear

70
Q

what is interaural level differences

A

difference of volume bw two ears due to shadow effect of the head reducing intensity especially for higher frequencies

71
Q

Which frequencies supply the most information on interaural level differences?

A

high frequencies (>3 kHz)

72
Q

significantly affected by the geometry of the head, outer ears, and shoulders, which is why the patterns are much more irregular

A

ILD

73
Q

nearly spherically symmetric around the interaural axis, are much less frequency dependent, are maximal for positions right off to one side of the head, and never exceed values of 700 microseconds

A

ILD

74
Q

very frequency dependent

A

ILD

75
Q

Which frequencies supply the most information on interaural timing differences?

A

low frequencies (<850 Hz)

76
Q

identify spacial location & sound source

A

ITD

77
Q

carried in fine structure of low frequency sounds and in envelopes of high frequency

A

ITDs

78
Q

NOT as frequency dependent

A

ITD

79
Q

Patterns are more predictable; more regular

A

ITDs

80
Q

nearly spherically symmetric around the interaural axis, are much less frequency dependent, are maximal for positions right off to one side of the head, and never exceed values of 700 microseconds

A

ITDs

81
Q

need audibility of low frequency cues for

A

timing differences

82
Q

need audibility high frequency cues for

A

level differences

83
Q

Reduction in sound level occurs for high frequency sounds for the far ear
The head casts an acoustic shadow

A

ILD

84
Q

best for high frequency sounds because low
frequency sounds are not attenuated much by the head

A

ITD

85
Q

Head shadow impact varies by

A

frequency

86
Q

explain HRTF

A

HRTF is a response that characterizes how an ear receives sound from a point in space

pinna & head affects frequency intensities
measures in the ear canal show patterns of amplitude peaks & notches high frequency amps as sound arrives from different angles

87
Q

What information do these monaural spectral cues supply?

A

the interaction of the pnna with incoming sounds depending on the sound source relative to the body provides these cues helpful in locating sounds occuring above or below and in front or behind us

88
Q

impact of microphone position on the audibility of

A

monaural spectral cues

89
Q

Does a discussion of audiometric thresholds sufficiently explain why a patient is experiencing communication difficulties?

A

no
this is because Audiologists tend to oversimplify diagnostic counseling by focusing on the sounds a patient can & cannot hear
Audiograms are not predictive of the activity limitations resulting from a hearing loss

90
Q

How could an audiologist supply a patient with a better understanding of their auditory rehabilitation needs during post diagnostic counseling?

A

AUDE 5450 AMP 1 (9 decks)

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