Impact of 2nd lang acqstn and bilingual dvlpmnt Flashcards
Info taken from: Dixon & Zhao(2017) Bilingual lang development. In J.N. Gleason 7 N.B. Ratner, The development of language
In order to know what a lang impairment is:
- we need to know what is typical for ELLs who are developing English
- many times, typical characteristics of 2nd lang acquisition and bilingualism are mistake for symptoms of LI
Language Loss
- many ELL students L1 is not maintained in school through bilingual education
- unfortunately –> language loss in L1
- Thus, LOW test scored in BOTH L1 and english
interference/ transfer
- when students are learning an L2 they make errors that reflect the influence of L1
- for ex: in Spanish a child would say “la casa verde” (the house green )
- if a Spanish speaking child pointed to a pic and said “look- i see the house green “ (instead of “i see the green house) this would be transfer from Spanish, not a sign of a clinically significant problem w/ syntax
transfer
- syntax, morphology, phonology, semantics, pragmatics
- errors of transfer from L1 are NOT signs of a communication disorder – just a DIFFERENCE
silent period
- in the early stages of learning an L2, most students focus on COMPREHENSION and do very little speaking
- the YOUNGER the student, the LONGER the silent period usually lasts
- students introduced to L2 during the PRESCHOOL YEARS may speak very little in L1 or L2 for more than one year
interlanguage
- system that has structurally intermediate status between L1 and L2
- student is approximating L2
- errors are inconsistent
codeswitching
- ALTERNATING BETWEEN 2 LANGUAGES w/in a single phrase, sentence, or discourse
- bilingual ch commonly use this strategy
- normal communication behavior
code switching is use by
-multilingual adults and ch around the world
avoidance
- students will AVOID COMMUNICATING in L2 for fear of being laughed at or made fun of
- they may be SELF- CONSCIOUS about their accent, use of English grammatical structures, and people asking “where are your from?” (especially older learners)
formulaic language
-ch use this to give impression that they speak the L2 well - increase opportunities to converse in L2
sociocultural variables:socioeconomic variables
-low income children have difficulty w/ knowledge based tests
sociocultural variables: cultural styles
-e.g. reduce eye contact w/ adults, being silent in the presence of an adult
impact of affective variables in second language acquisition: motivation – instrumental vs. integrative
- instrumental: motivated for a specific purpose; not motivated to inegrate w/ mainstream culture, learn slowly
- integrative: learn L2 faster, & they want to integrate w/ mainstream culture
impact of affective variables in second language acquisition: motivation
- motivation
- personality
- self-esteem
the impact of simultaneous and sequential bilingual acquisition
- simultaneous: child is exposed to 2 languages from infancy in natural situations
- interference between L1 and L2 is minimal
sequential acquisition
- child is exposed to L1 during infancy, learns L2 at a later time
- sequential learners – increases diversity in rates and stages of acquisition
if L2 is introduced
-sequentially BEFORE a strong L1 foundation has been established (e.g., 6-8 years of age), L1 development may be ARRESTED or even REGRESS while L2 is being learned
These students for a while…
-achieve low test scores in both L1 and L2 – this can cause them to APPEAR L1 when they are not
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN…
-who learn english in a sequential manner are ESPECIALLY VULNERABLE to this situation