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Serology > Immunoproliferative Diseases > Flashcards

Immunoproliferative Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Are malignant cells primarily present in the bone marrow and peripheral blood
Characterized by the presence of very poorly differentiated blast cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood

A

LEUKEMIA

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2
Q

Are malignant cells that arise from lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes, tonsils, or spleen

A

LYMPHOMAS

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3
Q

Are cancer cells affecting the PLASMA CELLS which are in charge of producing antibodies

A

PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIAS

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4
Q

2 types of Leukemia

A
  1. MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

2. LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA

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5
Q

Term used to describe the presence of YOUNG or IMMATURE cells

A

ACUTE

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6
Q

Four types of ALL

A
  1. CALLA-expressing precursor B-cell ALL
  2. PRE-B CELL W/O CALLA
  3. T-CELL ALL
  4. MATURE B-CELL
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7
Q

It is the most common type of ALL

A

CALLA (CD10)-expressing precursor B-cell ALL

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8
Q

Rarest type of ALL

A

MATURE B-CELL ALL

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9
Q

It is described as a group of disease almost exclusively of B-cell origin

A

CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA or LYMPHOMA (CLL)

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10
Q

3 B-cell CD markers

A

CD19, CD20, CD21

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11
Q

Disease characterized by the presence of malignant lymphocytes that are round and have irregular “hairy” cytoplasmic projections from their surfaces

A

HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA

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12
Q

It is a rare, slowly progressive diseases characterized by infiltration of the bone marrow and spleen by leukemic cells WITHOUT the involvement of lymph nodes.

  • Striking SPLENOMEGALY
  • Absent LYMPHADENOPATHY
A

HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA

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13
Q

It is the most common lymphoma characterized by the presence of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells in affected lymph nodes and lymphoid organs.

A

HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (HL)

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14
Q

Are large cells with bilobed nuclei and two prominent nucleoli
“OWL EYES” appearance

A

REED-STERNBERG CELLS (RS)

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15
Q

Lymphoma characterized by the absence of RS cells

A

NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA (NHL)

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16
Q

It is the greatest risk factor of NHL

A

IMMUNOSUPPRESSION

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17
Q

TRUE or FALSE. The incidence of NHL is greater in women than men.

A

FALSE

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18
Q

These are conditions characterized by the overproduction of a single immunoglobulin component called myeloma protein (M PROTEIN) or paraprotein by a clone of identical plasma cells.

A

PLASMA CELL DYSCRASIA/LEUKEMIA

19
Q

It is the most serious and most common plasma cell dyscrasia.
This condition is characterized by excess malignant mature plasma cells in the bone marrow, a monoclonal immunoglobulin component in the plasma or urine, and lytic bone lesions.

A

MULTIPLE MYELOMA (MM)

20
Q

Term used to describe one spike in the gamma region

A

MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY

21
Q

Type of proteins present in a patient with MM

A

BENCE JONES PROTEIN

22
Q

Monoclonal light chains can be found in the blood but are rapidly excreted in the urine (like myoglobin)
Excess kappa or lambda light chains

A

BENCE JONES PROTEIN

23
Q

At what temperature does Bence-Jones Protein COAGULATE and DISSOLVE?

A 
COAGULATES = 40-60 degrees Celsius
DISSOLVES = 100 degrees Celsius
24
Q

It is the confirmatory test for the presence of Bence-Jones Proteins

A

ELECTROPHORESIS

25
Q

It is characterized by the malignant proliferation of IgM-producing lymphocytes
- Elevated serum monoclonal protein (macroprotein or IgM paraprotein)

A

WALDENSTROM MACROGLOBULINEMIA

26
Q

These are antibodies that precipitate at cold temperature and can occlude small vessels in the extremities in cold weather.

A

CRYOGLOBULINS

27
Q

These are antibodies that precipitate at cold temperature and can occlude small vessels in the extremities in cold weather.

A

CRYOGLOBULINS

28
Q

How can CRYOGLOBULINS be detected?

A

Blood or plasma sample is refrigerated as the precipitate forms at low temperatures and dissolve upon warnings

29
Q

It is the test used in the analysis of cell surface marker expression (CD), and diagnosis and classification of leukemias and lymphomas.

A

IMMUNOPHENOTYPING by FLOW CYTOMETRY

30
Q

It is the laboratory test used to detect the monoclonal spike in patients with MM. It is also used to detect clonal proliferation of plasma cells.

A

SERUM PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS

31
Q

How does Serum Protein Electrophoresis detect clonal proliferation of plasma cells?

A

By detecting the increase in the immunoglobulin (particularly in the gamma region)

32
Q

It is commonly seen in MM where there is only one spike in the gamma region (Rock and Roll sign)

A

MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY

33
Q

It is when there is an increase in multiple proteins in the gamma region.

A

POLYCLONAL GAMMOPATHY

34
Q

It is a highly sensitive and specific assay that is used to identify the type of monoclonal protein present in the sample.

A

IMMUNOFIXATION ELECTROPHORESIS (IFE)

35
Q

What are the two procedures involved in IFE?

A
  1. Electrophoresis of the sample (6 lanes on agarose gel)

2. Addition of antisera

36
Q

Proteins give ______ charge (+ or -) and move towards the _______ (cathode or anode).

A

Negative (-); ANODE

37
Q

What does a normal IFE result look like?

A

Immunoglobulin lane that has BROAD, DIFFUSED bands

38
Q

Appearance of Monoclonal IgG

A

DISCRETE, NARROW bands in the IgG region (also in the Lambda region)

39
Q

Appearance of Monoclonal IgM

A

DISCRETE, NARROW bands in the IgM and Kappa region

- Negative IgG, IgA, and Lambda

40
Q

It is the extreme antigen excess that results to the formation of small immune complexes that cannot be visualized.
The precipitation is visible in the OUTER EDGES of the band, not in the center.

A

POSTZONE EFFECT in IFE

41
Q

Postzone in IFE will result to false _________ (NEGATIVE/POSITIVE) result.

A

NEGATIVE

42
Q

Remedy for Postzone effect in IFE

A

SAMPLE DILUTION

43
Q

It is a sensitive procedure that uses capillary electrophoresis to identify monoclonal immunoglobulin components.
- Antibodies to each heavy or light chain isotype are added, allowing the disappearance of monoclonal peaks (subtraction of peaks)

A

IMMUNOTYPING

44
Q

Other term for Immunotyping

A

IMMUNOSUBTRACTION

Serology (1 decks)

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