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Quiz 3 Pathology > Immunopathology III > Flashcards

Immunopathology III Flashcards

1
Q

What do GWAS suggest as genes implicated in autoimmune disorders?

A

PTPN22
NOD2
Cytokine receptors

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2
Q

What does PTPN-22 encode?

A

protein tyrosine phosphatase. This gene is most frequently implicated in AIDz. Failure to downregulate tyrosine kinase activity causes hyperreactive lymphocytes to form.

  • RA
  • T1D
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3
Q

What disease is NOD-2 associated with?

A

Crohn’s disease

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4
Q

What does NOD-2 encode?

A

Encodes a sensor of microbes in the cytoplasm

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5
Q

Which cytokine receptors are implicated with AIDz?

A

IL-2R alpha (CD25)
IL-7R alpha
Associated with MS, may be associated with Tregs

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6
Q

What is the adjuvant effect?

A

Upregulation of costimulators on APC from infection, causing a breaktown of tolerance for self antigens

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7
Q

What is polyclonal B cell activation?

A

increase production of autoantibodies= (EBV, HIV)

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8
Q

What is active tolerance?

A

Ability to transfer antigen-specific tolerance from one individual to another.

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9
Q

What CD proteins are present on a Treg cell?

A

CD4+ and CD25+. Depletion of CD4+CD25+ cells results in autoimmune disorders

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10
Q

What is CD25?

A

A low affinity IL-2 receptor. Expression is low in resting T cells and increases upon T cell activation

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11
Q

What regulates the development of CD4+CD25+ cells?

A

FoxP3

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12
Q

Where do Treg cells come from?

A

Normal T cell development. These specialized cells have increased self-MHC avidity, but below the negative selection cut-off for deletion

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13
Q

A defect in FoxP3 is associated with what disease?

A

IPEX

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14
Q

What is epitope spreading?

A

Tissue damage causes release of self antigens and exposes epitopes previously hidden. These new epitopes trigger new autoreactive T cells

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15
Q

How do Tregs suppress other cells?

A

IL-10, TGF-B release
Cell contact
CTLA-4
Fas-L

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16
Q

What AIDz is antibody mediated?

A

Lupus

17
Q

What AIDz are T cell regulated?

A

T1D

RA

18
Q

What are important autoimmune diseases associated with type II hypersensitivity?

A

hemolytic anemia
goodpasture
Anti-receptor antibody diseases (graves, myasthenia gravis, T1D)

19
Q

What are important autoimmune diseases with type III hypersensitivity?

A 
SLE
RA
scleroderma
Sjogren syndrome
polymyositis
20
Q

What are symptoms of SLE?

A

vegetations of the heart valves with no inflammation (Libman-Sacks)
Malar rash
Deposition of complexes in the skin causing liquefactive necrosis

21
Q

What causes SLE?

A

Multifactorial. These factors cause activation of helper T and B cells releasing autoantibodies

22
Q

What are the symptoms of RA?

A 
weight loss
myalgias
sweating
fevers
morning stiffness
lymphadenopathy
23
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of RA

A 
WBC infiltrate into synovium
aggregation of fibrin
Penetration of bone by synovium
Pannus formation (mass of synovium + stroma) causing granulation tissue and fibroblasts
Fibrous ankylosis
24
Q

What genetic factors predispose one to SLE?

A

Specific HLA types

Deficiencies in complement

25
Q

What immunological factors predispose one to SLE?

A

Defective elimination of self-reactive B cells (failure of tolerance) CD4+ cells are specific for nuclear antigens

26
Q

What environmental factors predispose one to SLE?

A

UV light
Sex hormones
Drugs

27
Q

What are the genetic factors involved in RA?

A

MHC genes

PTPN22 gene

28
Q

What environmental factors are involved in RA?

A

infectious agents

citrullinated proteins from smoking

29
Q

What is a significant marker of RA?

A

rheumatoid factor

anti-CCP

30
Q

What is rheumatoid factor?

A

IgM autoantibodies

31
Q

What cells are involved in RA?

A

CD4+ cells appear in the joint

Th17 and Th1 also play a roll

32
Q

What is an important mediator in RA?

A

TNF-alpha

33
Q

What cells are involved in T1D?

A

CD4+ and CD8+

34
Q

What antibodies are formed in T1D?

A

anti-insulin antibodies

anti-GAD antibodies

Quiz 3 Pathology (5 decks)

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