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KnowledgeMix Sept16 > Immunopathology > Flashcards

Immunopathology Flashcards

1
Q

2 types of Immune response

A

Nonspecific aka Innate

Specific aka adaptive aka aquired

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2
Q

the main characters in Nonspecific or Innate immune response

A

Natural Barriers to prevent infection in body ie oils, skin

Infflammatory response Leukocytes aka WBCs

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3
Q

the main characters in Specific or acquired aka adaptive immune response

A

B lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

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4
Q

Phagocytes

A

WBC that go out and fight infection.

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5
Q

One way WBCs recognize viruses is

A

double stranded DNA, only

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6
Q

specific immune response is based off of

A

having exposure to an infection

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7
Q

B lymphocytes

A

participated in humoral response

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8
Q

T lymphocytes

A

participate in cell mediated response

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9
Q

“humoral response”

A

is the immune reaction mediated by secreted antibodies

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10
Q

discusss humoral vs cell mediated response

A

B lymphocytes (humoral) address infection in body fluids outside of cell. T lymphocytes (cell mediated) address infection that has entered into cell.

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11
Q

humoral

A

of or relating to the body fluids, especially with regard to immune responses involving antibodies in body fluids as distinct from cells

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12
Q

antigen

A

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.

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13
Q

pathogen

A

a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

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14
Q

-gen

A

means precursor - something that happens before something else.

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15
Q

Antibody

A

also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

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16
Q

Discuss Antibodies are bound where they are bound

A

Antibodies are bound to the membrane of B cells, they respond differently to various pathogens.

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17
Q

Technical term for effector B-Cells and what is their function

A

Plasma cells, there purpose is to produce more antibodies

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18
Q

what is an effector B-cell once they start producing antibodies

A

plasma cell

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19
Q

2 types of T Cells

A

Helper T Cells

Cytotoxic T cells

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20
Q

Every nucleated cell in the body expresses what

A

A MHC1 Complex

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21
Q

Cytotoxic T cells are also known as what function to

A

CD8 T cells they function to kill infected cells

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22
Q

CD8 protiens are attracted to

A

MHC1 Complex

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23
Q

CD4 protiens on T cells are attracted to

A

MHC2 Complex

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24
Q

Helper T cells aka _______& what is there function

A

CD4 T Cells they function to

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25
Q

Helper T cells aka CD4 T cell are attracted to what

A

antigen presenting cells

26
Q

cytokines function to

A

send message to other cells to proliferate more rigorously

27
Q

proliferate

A

increase rapidly in numbers; multiply.

28
Q

MHC

A

major histocompatibilty molecule or “complex” MHC proteins basically do two things. First, some of them grab a random sampling of molecules from inside a cell and put them on display on the cellular surface. the MHC allows our bodies to distinguish between self and nonself.

29
Q

Discuss actions once the helper T-cell is activated

A

They differentiate into effector or memory cells.

30
Q

Effector T-cells function to

A

release cytokines and activate B-cells

31
Q

memory cells function

A

to copy more of the specific T-cells, so if the specific infx returns these t-cells will find the infection faster.

32
Q

one side effect of the MHC’s vigilance is

A

our bodies reject transplanted organs unless the recipients take drugs to suppress their immune systems. Sometimes even that doesn’t work.

33
Q

allergy

A

hypersensitivity

34
Q

The newly formed, highly vascularized connective tissue that forms as a wound heals is known as

A

Granulation tissue

35
Q

Which of the following does NOT kill invading pathogenic microbes

A

A.
Lysozymes

B.	 Stomach acid

C.	 Intestinal enzymes

D.	 Tears and saliva

E.	 ALL of these are chemical barriers to invading pathogens.
36
Q

Granulomas consist of all of the following except:

A 
E.	
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
37
Q

How does a type III hypersensitivity reaction differ from a type II hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type III hypersensitivities result in the formation of granulomas, while type II often manifests as dermatitis.

38
Q

Regarding acute and chronic inflammation, all of the following statements are true except:

A

Acute inflammation is a normal process that heals the body following injury or infection; chronic inflammation is typically abnormal and does not benefit the body.

39
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis can result if:

A

the Rh+ mother is sensitized to the Rh- antigen and the baby is Rh-

40
Q

Dilation of arterioles results in:

A

Hyperemia

41
Q

Release of histamine at the site of inflammation causes:

A

Increased vascular permeability

42
Q

Leukocytes emigrate to the site of infection or injury because of all of the following except:

A

Macrophages release cytokines and growth factors that stimulate connective tissue cells to rebuild the damaged extracelluar matrix (ECM).Macrophages appear on the scene later and initiate the proliferative phase - they activate connective tissue cells (myofibroblasts, angioblasts and esp. fibroblasts) to build new tissue to fill the wound space.

43
Q

Which of the following could delay healing of a skin wound caused by a bicycle accident?

A

A.
Severe protein deficiency

B.	 Lack of vitamin C

C.	 Improper use of topical anti-inflammatory corticosteroids

D.	 Infection

E.	 All of these can interfere with wound healing.
44
Q

The classic example of an immunodeficiency disease is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Which of the following is true about AIDS?

A

A.
It is caused by a retrovirus that infects helper T cells, as well as macrophages and related phagocytic cells.
B.
T cells that are infected by HIV explode, which sends more copies of the virus into the blood stream.

C.	 Within 2 to 4 weeks of infection, about 50% will experience a distinctive phase of acute illness, where they develop flu-like symptoms that are specific to primary HIV infection.

D.	 Because AIDS weakens the immune system, it makes people more vulnerable to infection-related cancers such as non-Hodgkins lymphoma (associated with the Epstein-Barr virus) and Kaposi's sarcoma (caused by a herpes virus).

E.	 ALL of these statements are true about AIDS.
45
Q

Opsonization refers to

A

.

coating of microorganisms or other particles by antibody and/or complement.

46
Q

A bacterial throat infection (“strep throat”) is associated with a white exudate surrounded by reddened mucosa. This is an example of:

A

Fibrinous inflammation

47
Q

A pathogenic bacterium entering the body through a small cut in the skin will do which of the following?

A

Activate the complement cascade

48
Q

A scar that is the result of an overgrowth of type 3 collagen, which is then slowly replaced by type 1 collagen is called:

A

keloid

49
Q

Tissue transplantation between genetically identical twins is called:

A

Isograft

50
Q

When incompatible blood types are mixed, antibodies in the serum attach to red blood cells and link them together. This immune reaction is called:

A

Agglutination

51
Q

All of the following are characteristic of the autoimmune disorder sytemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) except:

A

SLE is easy to diagnose. It always presents with a distinctive butterfly rash that appears on the face. Most patients also develop allergies, and symptoms of arthritis and anemia.

52
Q

Antibodies are produced by:

A

Plasma cells
B cells are stimulated by antigens to mature and differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies specific to that antigen.

53
Q

Granulomas consist of all of the following except:

A

Epithelioid cells

54
Q

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding solid tissue transplantation?

A

A.
Solid tissues can be transplanted successfully ONLY if the recipient is unable to mount an effective immune response against the introduced foreign antigens.

B.	 MHC/HLA proteins between donor and recipient are more likey to be compatible if they are closely related; therefore, organ transplanation will always be successful between siblings, even if they have incompatible blood groups.

C.	 With the exception of isografts, all solid tissue grafts elicit some type of transplant rejection through both antibody (types II and III) and cell-mediated (type IV) hypersensitivity reactions. 

D.	 A serious complication called graft-versus-host reaction can result from a type IV hypersenitivity reaction, mediated by transplanted T cells.

E.	 The immune system can be partially inactivated with immunosupressive drugs, which can be used to enable a patient to receive a tissue transplant succesfully.
55
Q

Demarcated

A

separate or distinguish from.

set the boundaries or limits of.

56
Q

Macroscopic

A

On gross or naked eye exam

57
Q

Benign

A

Benign = sharply demarcated encapsulated expansive growth compress adjacent normal tissue, which undergoes atrophy & fibrosis, forming a pseudo capsule.

58
Q

Malignant

A

Lack a capsule. Lack sharp border, sometimes indistinguishable from normal tissue. Vice exspansive growth, malignant prefers to infiltrate normal tissue, ie tree roots growing in the soil.

59
Q

Metastisis

A

the development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer.
a metastatic growth.

60
Q

-oma

A

tumor

KnowledgeMix Sept16 (3 decks)

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