Immunometabolism Flashcards
What is the function of an M2 macrophage?
It is important to keep homeostasis and for anti-inflammatory reactions. It is important in tissue repair and wound healing.
What is the function of an M1 macrophage?
Bacterial killing, killing tumor cells, and pro-inflammatory reactions.
What metabolic processes are characteristic of M2 macrophages?
High Ox-Phos, sustained ATP and long-lived cells
What metabolic processes are characteristic of M1?
Glycolysis and PPP
Biosynthesis / anabolism
Fast ATP
Short life
What metabolic processes are characteristic of M1?
Glycolysis and PPP
Biosynthesis/anabolism
Fast ATP
Short life
What is catabolism?
The breakdown of molecules for the creation of energy
What is anabolism?
The formation of molecules to store energy
What enzyme regulates the production of inflammatory cytokines in M1 macrophages?
GAPDH - it raises the rate of glycolysis and production of IL-1b and TNFa
In what ways does succinate drive inflammation?
- It induces IL-1b production through HIF-1a
- Succinate dehydrogenase repurposes mitochondria to drive inflammation
- Succinate is picked up by macrophages, leading to an inflammatory metabolic state
How does itaconate lead to an anti-inflammatory reaction?
Itaconate stops the production of succinate by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase.
What are the six main pathways involved in immune metabolism?
- PPP (pentose phosphate pathway)
- Fatty Acid Oxidation
- Fatty Acid Synthesis
- TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle
- Glycolysis
- Amino Acid Metabolism
What gene is the central metabolic regulator of immunity?
mTOR.
What is the function of mTOR?
Can sense amino acids and growth factors and promote mRNA translation and lipid synthesis, in support of cell growth.
It also regulates numerous events that are crucial for T-cell and monocyte differentiation.
What does AMP kinase do in terms of metabolism and immunity?
Inhibits the function of mTOR and promotes catabolism. It is mostly active during nutrient deprivation.
What is the role of glycolysis in (immune) metabolism?
Glycolysis by itself has a low ATP generation potential, but it gives rise to many important metabolites and co-factors used for other metabolic pathways, like PPP and amino acid synthesis. This pathway is very active in rapidly proliferating cells.
Its main products are NADH and NAD+.
