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BFI: Biology > Immunology; Vaccinations > Flashcards

Immunology; Vaccinations Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is an Antigen?

A

Component of foreign material that the body uses to recognise the foreign body

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2
Q

What is an Immunogen?

A

Body induces an immune response

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3
Q

Epitope/Antigenic Determinant

A

Within a given antigen, there are specific parts of the molecule that immune system uses to recognise it

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4
Q

Difference between Innate + Adaptive

A

Innate - non-specific, not affected by previous contact with infectious agent

Adaptive - highly specific recognition of an antigen + generation of immunological memory

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5
Q

What does immune cells arise from?

A

Single pluripotent progenitor cell within bone marrow

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6
Q

Whee does T-lymphocytes differentiate?

A

Thymus gland

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7
Q

What produces + secretes antibody?

A

B - lymphocytes

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8
Q

What are monocytes and macrophages?

A

Mononuclear phagocytic cells

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9
Q

What do mononuclear phagocytic cells secrete?

A

Secrete molecules that:

  • Destroy bacteria directly
  • Recruit other immune cells to site of infection
  • Stimulate inflammatory response through Vasodilation
  • Activate other immune cells to help destroy foreign body
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10
Q

Examples of granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

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11
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

Phagocytose microorganism to destroy them

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12
Q

Function of Eosinophils + Basophils

A

Involved in extracellular killing of microorganism

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13
Q

5 distinctive attributes of Adaptive immunity

A

(1) Specificity - act specific to invading molecule
(2) Inducibility - cells of AIS activated only in antigen response
(3) Clonality - once activated, cells proliferate + form identical cell (clones)
(4) Unresponsive to self - not act on the body’s own cells
(5) Memory - memory about specific pathogens

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14
Q

What could adaptive immune responses be?

A

Cell-mediated - body induces CMIR only against specific endogenous antigens which involves T cells
Humoral - body induces humeral response against exogenous pathogens + involves antibody production, involves B cells independently / dependent with T-helper cells

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15
Q

What does an antibody monomer consist of?

A
  • 2 heavy polypeptide chains

- 2 light polypeptide chains

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16
Q

What regions are there in the FAB domain?

A

Variable region

Constant region

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17
Q

Function of Variable region

A

Involved in antigen recognition

Different sequence recognises different antigens

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18
Q

What state is antibodies produced?

A

B-lymphocytes in Naive state

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19
Q

Where are IgM + function?

A

Cell surface of B-lymphocytes in naive state

Act as surveillance molecules ready to bind to any invading antigen

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20
Q

Types of antibody

A

Ig GAME

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21
Q

Ig G

A

Secondary response of circulatory system

22
Q

Ig A

A

Involved in Mucosal immunity

23
Q

Ig M

A

Primary response of circulatory system

24
Q

Ig E

A

Produced by mast cells + involved in the inflammatory response

25
Q

Vaccination

A

Exposing individual to a specific antigen in an controlled, non-infectious manner to prime the body into making memory cells

26
Q

What happens when body is exposed to antigen of infectious agent

A

Body will mount the immune response preventing the infection from taking hold

27
Q

Vaccination programme

A

Protect people + communities against the most infectious disease

28
Q

Meningitis

A

Infection of the meninges causing inflammation

29
Q

Meninges

A

Protective membrane covering the brain + spinal cord

30
Q

What causes meningitis

A

Viruses or bacteria

31
Q

How many people contract bacterial meningitis + develop septicaemia in the UK each year?

A

Around 3,400 people

32
Q

How many people will die of bacterial meningitis?

A

1 in 10

33
Q

How many survivors will suffer side effects

A

1 in 4

34
Q

Live vaccines

A

Live, infective microorganisms used to promote a similar response in the body as to a live infection.
Promotes life-long immunity but can cause issues such as making the person ill+ replication of microorganism

35
Q

Killed + component vaccines

A

Contains dead components of microorganism (e.g. cell wall extracts)
Immune response towards antigenic components of microorganism
No life-long immunity + so repeated vaccinations need to be administered

36
Q

DNA vaccines

A

gene encoding pathogenic antigen is introduced into human cells and transcribed to express antigenic protein: an immune response is launched by the body.
DNA is lost from the cell.

37
Q

Example of live vaccine

A

Oral polio vaccine + MMR

38
Q

Example of killed + component vaccine

A

DPT (diptheria, pertussis (whooping cough) + tetanus)

39
Q

Example of DNA vaccine

A

Bird flu

40
Q

How many types of bacteria cause meningitis + septicaemia

A

50

41
Q

Common forms of bacteria to cause meningitis + septicaemia in the UK

A

Meningcoccal sp.

Pneumococcal sp.

42
Q

What causes Meningcoccal infection

A

Neisseria meningitidis

43
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A

Gram-negative diplococcus bacterium that forms part of natural flora at the back of the nose + mouth

44
Q

How can Neisseria meningitidis spread?

A

Passed from person to person in nasal or oral droplets (kissing or sneezing)

45
Q

Main causative form of meningitis in the UK

A

Meningitis B

46
Q

Who developed the Meningcoccal B vaccine

A

Bexsero, Novartis + received its marketing license from the European commission in January 2013

47
Q

Why wasn’t Meningcoccal B vaccine introduced into the UK at first>

A

Joint committee on vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) advise government not to introduce vaccine due to lack of evidence of cost versus benefit

48
Q

When did Meningcoccal B vaccine get introduced

A

2014

49
Q

How was Bexsero developed

A

Reverse Vaccinology

50
Q

Method of Reverse Vaccinology

A

Genome sequence decoded

The proteins most likely to be ‘broadly-effective’ vaccine candidates are identified

51
Q

% of strains of Meningitis B can Bexsero protect

A

73%

52
Q

Types of vaccines

A

Live
DNA
Killed/component

BFI: Biology (9 decks)

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