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Immunology Part 2: Immune Response Modulation > Immunology Part 2: Immune Response Modulation > Flashcards

Immunology Part 2: Immune Response Modulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunization?

A

The process by which a person or animal becomes protected against a disease, often used interchangeably with vaccination or inoculation

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2
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Injection of a killed or weakened infectious agent into a living organism in order to provide immunity

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3
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

A product that produces immunity to protect the body from disease

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4
Q

How can a vaccine be administered?

A

Oral (PO), intranasally (NAS), subcutaneously (SQ), or intramuscularly (IM)

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5
Q

In the context of immunization, ___ to a disease is achieved through the presence of antibodies to that disease in a person’s body

A

Immunity

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6
Q

When is active immunity produced?

A

When exposure to a disease causing organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease

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7
Q

How can active immunity be produced?

A

Infection with the disease (natural immunity) or vaccination (artificial/vaccine-induced immunity)

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8
Q

Active immunity is important because if a person comes into contact with the same infection in the future, their immune system will immediately produce ___

A

Antibodies

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9
Q

Active immunity is ___, whereas passive immunity lasts ___

A

Long-lasting, only for a few weeks or months

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10
Q

How is passive immunity obtained?

A

Antibodies are provided to a person

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11
Q

What are some examples of ways that a person could get passive immunity?

A

A fetus or newborn baby could acquire passive immunity through the placenta or breast milk (natural passive immunity)
Antibody-containing blood products, such as immune globulin (acquired passive immunity)

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12
Q

What is immune globulin?

A

Serum collected from a large number of donors that contains mostly IgG

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13
Q

What is the major advantage to passive immunity?

A

Protection is immediate

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14
Q

When might artificial passive immunity be supplied to someone?

A

For primary immunodeficiencies

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15
Q

What are some examples of ways that passive immunization is used?

A

In toxigenic diseases, envenomation, viral infections such as rabies and ebola, and post exposure prophylaxis

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16
Q

How is passive immunity used in hepatitis B virus

A

It is given post exposure to hepatitis B virus such as perinatally and in the health care setting

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17
Q

What is CroFab?

A

A polyvalent anti venom used to treat a venomous snake bite that is derived from Australian sheep antibodies

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18
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

A critical portion of a community is immunized against a contagious disease and most members are protected due to little opportunity for an outbreak

Even those who are not vaccinated get some protection

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19
Q

What is a monovalent vaccine?

A

Protects against a single pathogen

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20
Q

What is a multivalent vaccine?

A

Protects against multiple strains of one pathogen or multiple pathogens

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21
Q

What determines the valency?

A

Number of pathogens

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22
Q

What does a live, attenuated vaccine contain and protect against?

A

Contains a version of the living virus that has been weakened so it doesn’t cause serious disease. This produces a strong cellular and adaptive immune response.

Protects against viruses

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23
Q

What is a benefit of live, attenuated vaccines? Who should these vaccines not be given to?

A

Longer lasting immunity

People with weakened immune systems and pregnant patients should not receive these vaccines

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24
Q

What are some examples of live, attenuated vaccines?

A

MMR, Varicella/Zoster, Influenza (NAS)

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25
Q

What do inactivated vaccines protect against?

A

Viruses

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26
Q

How are inactivated vaccines created?

A

By inactivating, or killing, the virus via chemicals, heat or radiation

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27
Q

What are the good and bad things about inactivated vaccines?

A

They have a shorter duration of protection, so often require booster vaccinations

They are safer and more stable

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28
Q

What are examples of inactivated vaccines?

A

Polio, Hepatitis A, Rabies

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29
Q

What type of disease do toxoid vaccines prevent?

A

Bacterial toxins

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30
Q

How are toxoid vaccines produced?

A

Bacterial toxins are weakened so they cannot cause illness

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31
Q

How do toxoid vaccines work?

A

The immune system produces antibodies that lock onto and block the toxoid to protect against the active toxin

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32
Q

What are examples of toxoid vaccines?

A

Diphtheria, tetanus

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33
Q

What are subunit vaccines?

A

Vaccines that contain only the most immunogenic antigens of the virus or bacteria (subunit)

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34
Q

Why are subunit vaccines good?

A

They lower the risk of adverse reactions

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35
Q

How are subunit vaccines produced?

A

Lab grown and broken apart

Recombinant subunit vaccines- antigen is made with recombinant DNA technology where a gene coding for an antigenic protein is inserted into another virus or producer cell in a culture. The antigenic protein is produced when the virus or producer cell reproduces

36
Q

What are examples of subunit vaccines?

A

Pertussis, influenza (injection), Hep B, HPV, and novavax

37
Q

What is a conjugate vaccine used for? Why is this helpful?

A

Pathogens that have antigens with an outer coating of polysaccharides. The coating disguises the antigen to make it hard for young immature immune systems to recognize and respond to it

38
Q

How do conjugate vaccines help immature immune systems respond to pathogens?

A

They connect polysaccharides to antigens that the immune system responds to well so the immature immune system reacts to it

39
Q

What are examples of conjugate vaccines?

A

Haemophilus Influenzae type B, pneumococcal, meningococcal

40
Q

How are DNA/RNA vaccines used?

A

To prevent the development of disease

41
Q

How do DNA/RNA vaccines work?

A

They use genetic material to induce patient’s cells into producing antigens to stimulate the immune system and create an adaptive immune response.

Genes for microbial antigens are introduced, host cells take up the genes, the DNA/RNA instructs the host cells to make antigens that are presented on the host cell surface

42
Q

DNA/RNA vaccines do not ____ because they do not contain the entire ___ or the entire ___ of the pathogen

A

Cause disease, pathogen, genetic codes

43
Q

What is beneficial about DNA/RNA vaccines?

A

They allow for sensitization without exposure to the pathogen itself

44
Q

What are examples of DNA/RNA vaccines?

A

Coronavirus (Pfizer and moderna), Zika virus, west Nile

45
Q

What is a recombinant vector vaccine?

A

Vaccine that includes selective genetic material from pathogens, usually by inserting them into an attenuated, harmless virus or bacteria. The carrier viruses are then injected into the body

46
Q

Carrier bacteria produce pathogenic ___ on their surface, which allows the immune system to become sensitized

A

Antigens

47
Q

What are examples of recombinant vector vaccines?

A

Coronavirus (J&J), HIV, Rabies, Measles

48
Q

What are the 3 categories of ingredients that are included in vaccines?

A

Primary antigens, adjuvants, ancillary ingredients

49
Q

What is a primary antigen? What are the 4 categories of primary antigens?

A

The pathogen or pathogen subunit; live, attenuated, killed whole, acellular or subunit, toxoids

50
Q

How is a live, attenuated vaccine produced? What are examples of this?

A

Mutation or chemical treatments, measles, mumps, rubella, chickenpox, influenza

51
Q

How are killed whole vaccines produced? What are examples?

A

Killed through heat or chemicals; influenza, hepatitis A, Rabies

52
Q

What are types of acellular or subunit vaccines? Examples of them?

A

Subunit, recombinant, conjugate; HPV, pertussis, hepatitis B

53
Q

What are toxoids? Examples?

A

Inactivated toxins; tetanus, diphtheria

54
Q

What are adjuvants?

A

Chemicals added to boost body’s immune response to a vaccine.

They increase immune memory, immune response, and performance. Mostly work with humoral response

55
Q

What are common adjuvants?

A

Aluminum salts, emulsions, toll-like receptor agonists

56
Q

What is an example of a adjuvant?

A

Adjuvants do flu vaccine (FLUAD). This uses emulsion of squalene (shark liver) oil

57
Q

What are ancillary ingredients added to vaccines (6) ?

A

Residual ingredients, fixatives, preservatives, antibiotics, stabilizing agents, suspending fluids

58
Q

What is the function of a residual ingredient?

A

helps grow enough virus or bacteria to make the vaccine such as growth media or egg proteins

59
Q

What is the function of a fixative? What is a common fixative?

A

Kill viruses or inactivate toxins during manufacturing process; aldehydes

60
Q

What is the function of preservatives? What is a common one? Is this dangerous?

A

Prevent contamination, thimerosal, no it is ethyl mercury which is not dangerous in small amounts

61
Q

What is the function of antibiotics in vaccines?

A

Prevent contamination by bacteria during vaccine manufacturing

62
Q

What are some common antibiotics?

A

Neomycin, polymyxin B, gentamicin

63
Q

What is the function of stabilizing agents?

A

Keep vaccine effective after manufacturing

64
Q

What are some stabilizing agents used in vaccines?

A

Monosodium glutamate, 2-phenoxyethanol, albumin, gelatin

65
Q

What is the function of a suspending fluid in vaccines?

A

It is a carrier that delivers vaccine into the body

66
Q

What are the four reasons that a vaccine might need more than one dose?

A

The first dose may not provide robust immunity (inactivated vaccines)

immunity wears off with time

more than one dose is needed to develop the best immune response (primarily live vaccines)

yearly doses needed because the disease-causing viruses may be different from year to year

67
Q

While some side effects of vaccines are possible, these are ___

A

Less common and less dangerous than sequelae of vaccine preventable diseases

68
Q

How is vaccine efficacy and safety shown?

A

Clinical trials are mandated by the FDA and there are 3 phases

69
Q

How is vaccine safety monitored after licensing and approval?

A

Adverse events are reported to the vaccine adverse event reporting system and the advisory committee on immunization practices reviews safety and efficacy data to create vaccine schedules

70
Q

What are some ways vaccine safety is monitored other than VAERS and ACIP?

A

Third party vaccine monitoring systems, vaccine manufacturing facilities are inspected by FDA, vaccines are created in lots that can be tracked and recalled

71
Q

What did the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 do?

A

Limited liability of vaccine manufacturers and created the national injury compensation program that awards compensation to those that have a vaccine injury

72
Q

What are problems with the autism and MMR vaccine link?

A

It is based on the Wakefield study that was retracted due to small sample size, manipulated subjects, and conflicts of interest

73
Q

What is the hoax surrounding the HIV vaccine?

A

The researcher manipulated data

74
Q

Why is thimerosal causing autism a hoax?

A

Methylmercury is a environmental neurotoxin and “mercury moms” is big on social media but thimerosal in vaccines is ethyl mercury which is not harmful in small doses

75
Q

What is Guillain-Barré syndrome and how is it associated with vaccines?

A

There was a 8x increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome after vaccination during the swine flu epidemic of 1976 and a link suggested. Guillain-Barre is most commonly associated with Campylobacter jejunum and results in flaccid paralysis. It is possible that there is simply a link with upper respiratory tract infections

76
Q

What is immunosuppression characterized by?

A

Reduction in the effectiveness of the immune system’s response to foreign substances

77
Q

Immunosuppression may be deliberately induced to reduce the body’s immune response for:

A

Prevention of organ or graft rejection
Treatment of autoimmune disease
Treatment of non-autoimmune diseases such as long-term control of allergic asthma.
These interfere with immune system ability to fight infections

78
Q

What do corticosteroids do?

A

They have an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the production of inflammatory mediators, inhibiting inflammatory cell migration to sites of inflammation, and promoting apoptosis of leukocytes

79
Q

What are examples of corticosteroids?

A

Prednisone, hydrocortisone

80
Q

What do cytotoxic drugs do?

A

Kill proliferating cells and inhibit cell division

81
Q

What are examples of cytotoxic drugs?

A

Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate

82
Q

What do immunophilins do?

A

Inhibit signaling pathways of T cell activation

83
Q

What are examples of immunophilins?

A

Cyclosporin A, Tacrolimus, rapamycin

84
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies that are specific for one antigen and are produced by B cells that are clones of a unique parent B cell. They bind to target antigen and may unintentionally impede the biological process causing the disease

85
Q

What are examples of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Anti-TNF alpha, anti-tumor antigens, COVID-19

Immunology Part 2: Immune Response Modulation (1 decks)

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