Immunology part 2 Flashcards
adaptive immunity depends on specific ____ receptors on ___ and ____
antigen receptors on T and B lymphocytes
each T or B cell expresses unique _____
antigen receptors on the surface
this adaptive system can react against any possible ____
antigen
adaptive immune system has tolerance to antigens present on ___
our normal cells
the adaptive immune system can develop ____
memory
define immunological memory
ability to accelerate and improve the response to repeated exposures to the same antigen
two types of adaptive immunity
humoral immunity and cell mediated immunity
humoral immunity involves what type of cells
B lymphocytes
B lymphocytes respond to antigens and do what?
trigger the production of antibodies that are specific to those same antigens
B-lymphocytes turn differentiate in ___ cells that then secret antibodies
plasma cells
in cell mediated immunity, what type of cells are involved?
cytotoxic T lymphocytes
cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are activated by ___, and then perform what function
specific antigens, they then kill the cells and microorganisms bearing the same antigens
what are helper T lymphocytes?
they regulate the function of B and cytotoxic T lymphocytes by recruiting and activating phagocytes, particularly macrophages
the two sides of adaptive immunity are not independent from ___ or ____
each other or innate immunity; there is interplay between all immunity systems at all times
3 key characteristics of adaptive immune response
- it is specific to the presenting antigens
- it takes time
- it has memory
B and T lymphocytes can respond to antigens that are
free or present on the surface of viruses, other microorganisms, foreign tissues, or transformed cells
each lymphocyte has receptors that are specific for just ___ ___ of antigen
one type
3 stages of adaptive immune response
- a foreign antigen is identified by a B or T lymphocyte
- antigen binds to specific receptor, lymphocyte is activated and under goes colonel expansion
- antibody and cytotoxic responses
in stage 2 of the the adaptive immune response, when the lymphocytes proliferate they will be responsible for
the 3rd stage, while some of the lymphocytes resulting from division will become memory cells
two signals needed for lymphocyte activation
- antigen recognition is signal one
2. cytokines produced by other immune cells provide the second signal
B cells transform to ___ cells and produce ____ against the antigen
plasma; antibodies
Cytotoxic t tells attack the ______
cells bearing the antigen
once the antigen has been eliminated, most of the responding lymphocytes will ____
die by apoptosis
after an antigen as been eliminated and the lymphocytes undergo apoptosis, the ____ cells persist and will respond ____ the next time the antigen appears
memory; faster