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Infection and immunity > Immunology Overview > Flashcards

Immunology Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Edward Jenner and Vaccination

A

1796 - inoculation with cowpox to protect against smallpox

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2
Q

what is the only disease eradicated by humans?

A

Small pox

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3
Q

Why does the small pox vaccine work?

A

Cow pox is a related virus

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4
Q

Innate immune response

A

Non-specific recognition
No memory
Physical barriers
Secreted components
Proteolytic enzymes
Complement cascade
Ion chelators
Interfons
Phagocytes
NK cells

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5
Q

Adaptive Immune response

A

Specific recognition
Memory - secondary immune response
T cells (CD4 and CD8)
B cells - antibodies

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6
Q

How is the secondary immune response different from primary?

A

A shorter or no lag period
More efficient response
More antibodies produced
Antibody concentration remains higher for longer

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7
Q

What cells do common lymphoid
progenitor cells produce?

A

White blood cells

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8
Q

What cells do common myeloid progenitor cells produce?

A

Dendritic cells
Granular cells like phagocytes
Red blood cells

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9
Q

Immature dendritic cells …

A

are highly phagocytic
engulf extracellular fluids
myeloid derived

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10
Q

Granular cells

A

have granules in the cytoplasm
are short lived
eosinophils
basophils
neutrophils

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11
Q

what is the mast cell progenitor?

A

unknown

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12
Q

Mature dendritic cells are

A

the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity

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13
Q

mature dendritic cell are

A

Specialised at antigen presentation and not really phagocytic
activate T cells

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14
Q

list the 6 myeloid cells

A

Macrophage
dendritic cells
Neutrophils
eosinophils
Mast cells
Basophils

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15
Q

Myeloid cells are

A

Primarily secretory cells that can be activated by antibodies

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16
Q

Eosinophils function

A

kill larger pathogens that cannot be phagocytosed

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17
Q

Basophils are

A

not fully understood but involved in allergy and parasitic immunity

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18
Q

mast cells secrete

A

histamine

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19
Q

naive B and T cells..

A

circulate through the blood and lymph looking for antigens

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20
Q

what happens in the lymph node?

A

B and T cells are activated

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21
Q

What do H&E stains show?

A

nucleus in purple
and cytoplasm in pink

22
Q

Overview of B cells

A

mature in and derived from the bone marrow
Express immunoglobulin BCR
differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells

23
Q

Overview of antibodies

A

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains
produced and secreted by b cells
antigen specific variable regions

24
Q

What is the antibody effector function determined by?

A

the constant Fc region

25
Q

What is used as a parameter to measure the immune response?

A

Antibody levels

26
Q

what are the 4 effector functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralise toxins and viral particles
Neutralise adhesion from bacteria
Opsonisation
Complement activation

27
Q

What does antibody neutralisation do?

A

Prevent toxins binding to cell receptors
make antigen-antibody complex
engulfed by phagocytes
also used on viruses

28
Q

What does antibody opsonisation do?

A

Antibodies bind to and coat bacterial cells
Fc regions then bind to macrophages
bacteria cells destroyed by phagocytosis

29
Q

What does antibody complement activation do?

A

antibodies bind to complement proteins to activate the complement cascade to destroy the antibody pathogen complex
“complement antibody function”

30
Q

Overview of T cells

A

Derived from the bone marrow but mature in the thymus
express TCR
Recognise foreign antigens on HLA (MHC)
effector T cells

31
Q

What can effector T cells do?

A

Help B cells make antibodies
Promote bactericidal activity of macrophages
cytolysis of infected cells

32
Q

What does CD stand for?

A

Cluster of differentiation

33
Q

T helper cells overview

A

express CD4
Recognise HLA class 2
Release cytokines and help B cells and activate macrophages

34
Q

T cytotoxic cells overview

A

express CD8
Recognise HLA class 1
lysis of infected and tumour cells

35
Q

Do T cells have a secondary response?

A

Yes

36
Q

T cell life cycle

A
  1. mature in the thymus
  2. Circulation in search for antigens
  3. recognise antigen
  4. clonal expansion
  5. effector function
  6. death or a few remain as memory cells
37
Q

Which cells are antigen-presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells

38
Q

how do B cells present antigens?

A

Using HLA class 2 receptors

39
Q

Why is there such variation in HLA receptors?

A

genetic polymorphism allows for a massive number of specific receptors to be made

40
Q

What antigens do B cells recognise?

A

proteins with folding and conformation
- the antigen

41
Q

What antigens do T cells recognise?

A

fragments of the antigen
10ish aa presented by HLA

42
Q

antibodies often recognise conformational epitopes. what is an epitope?

A

portion of the antigen that is bound to the antibody

43
Q

what is a primary lymphoid organ?

A

a site of major lymphoid Development

44
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow - lymphoid progenitors and B cell s
Thymus - T cell development

45
Q

What is a secondary lymphoid organ?

A

a major site lymphocyte interaction with antigens and other lymphocytes

46
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen
lymph nodes
mucosal-associated lymphoid issue: tonsils, BALT and peyer’s patches

47
Q

What happens in a secondary lymphoid organ?

A

T cell recognition from dendritic cells
T cells and B cells interacting if they are presenting the same antigen

48
Q

What development do T cells undergo in the thymus?

A

positive selection - can recognise HLA
negative selection - self antigens are killed off

49
Q

Where do pathogens go once detected?

A

they enter the draining lymph node and naive immune cells interact with antigens and the mature cells enter the bloodstream

50
Q

why are lymph nodes highly organised?

A

so the cells sit in different areas and this maximises the interaction between different cells

51
Q

When are germinal centres present?

A

during infection

52
Q

what happens when a dendritic cell (APC) enters the lymph node?

A
  1. presents the antigen to the T cell to activate them
  2. T cells then enter B cell areas to activate them
  3. cell proliferation
  4. b cell migration to the medulla and production of antibodies

Infection and immunity (22 decks)

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