Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

446- ID and transplant > Immunology overview > Flashcards

Immunology overview Flashcards

1
Q

state of being protected from/ resistant to a particular disease due to the production of antibodies (involves the Ag-Ab response)

A

immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe active immunity

A

antigenic stimulation of immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

describe passive immunity

A

acquisition of preformed Abs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

process of inducing or providing immunity by administering an agent

A

immunization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

foreign agent is recognized in a specific manner and the immune system acquires memory of it

A

adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

specific (to an antigen)
tolerance (differentiation between self and nonself)
memory
subsequent exposure results in rapid + strong immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

adaptive immune system is divided into 2 parts

A

cell mediated immunity
humoral (antibody) immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

primary immune response develops within ____ following first exposure to antigen and produces mainly the ___ antibody

A

within weeks
IgM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

secondary immune response responds faster and more powerful + produces the ____ antibody

A

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

list 2 factors affecting usefulness of antibody levels

A

time since last exposure (testing after 1yr = low amts but still protected), type of exposure, individual response, vaccine type, variants and mutability of antigen (but also having antibodies ≠ protected)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

describe cell mediated immunity

A

antigens displayed by infected cells, T cells, defend against infected cells, cancers, and transplant tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

part of the immune system that protects the body without changing or adapting to the exposure (physical barriers, secretions, pH extremes)

A

passive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vaccine taken up by ___________ → activates________________to give memory cells → generates ____________cells to several epitopes → antigen persists to continue to recruit B memory cells and produce high affinity antibody → takes______ to establish adequate immunity following exposure to antigen

A

antigen presenting cells
both T and B cells
Th and Tc
~2wks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

polysaccharide vaccines do not activate ____

A

T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is variolation

A

exposing person to contents of a pustule from a pt suffering a mild form of smallpox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 passive immunizing agents

A

Immunoglobulins. Antitoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

live/ inactivated vaccines, toxoids, mRNAs are _______ immunizing agents

A

active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which component do all vaccines have
1. adjuvants
2. antigen
3. preservatives
4. stabilizers

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

substances added to vaccien to enhance the immune system’s response

A

adjuvants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

adjuvants are never used in
1. inactivated vaccines
2. mRNA vaccines
3. live vaccines
4. toxoid vaccines

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

adjuvants function

A

enhance immune system response
may induce inflam factors to injection site (to stay at site)- may cause injection site reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

preservatives are used in vaccines to prevent

A

bacterial or fungal contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

preservatives are required in
1. all vaccines
2. single dose mRNA vaccine vials
3. all live vaccines
4. vaccines in a multidose vial

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T or F: those that are allergic to egg should avoid flu shots

A

F- Egg proteins (used to be v common in flu shots- gotten very good at removing from vaccines, now are very safe in egg allergies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what 3 antibiotics may be present in vaccines

A

neomycin, streptomycin, polymyxin B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the MMR vaccine is
1. live-attenuated
2. inactivated
3. subunit/ conjugate
4. mRNA

A

1

27
Q

the varicella vaccine is
1. live-attenuated
2. inactivated
3. subunit/ conjugate
4. mRNA

A

1

28
Q

the polio vaccine is
1. live-attenuated
2. inactivated
3. subunit/ conjugate
4. mRNA

A

2

29
Q

hep A vaccine is
1. live-attenuated
2. inactivated
3. subunit/ conjugate
4. mRNA

A

2

30
Q

3 pros of live attenuated vaccines

A

Single dose often sufficient to induce long lasting immunity
Strong immune response evoked
Local and systemic immunity produced

31
Q

5 cons of live attenuated vaccines

A

Potential to revert to virulence
caution/ CI in immunosuppressed pts/ babies
Interference by passive antibody, potentially other live vaccines
Poor stability (sensitive to heat and light + must shake/ swirl gently until pellet completely dissolved (no bubbles)
Potential for contamination with adventitious viruses

32
Q

reactions expected from inactivated/ killed vacciens typically within

A

48hrs

33
Q

pros of inactivated vaccines

A

Stable
Constituents clearly defined (not growing things + getting contaminants)
Unable to cause infection

34
Q

cons of inactivated vaccines

A

Needs several doses
Local rxns common
Adjuvant needed - keeps vaccine at injection site ,activates antigen presenting cells
Shorter lasting immunity

35
Q

hep B vaccine is
1. live-attenuated
2. inactivated
3. subunit/ conjugate
4. mRNA

A

3

36
Q

HPV vaccine type
1. live-attenuated
2. inactivated
3. subunit/ conjugate
4. mRNA

A

3

37
Q

influenza vaccine is
1. live-attenuated
2. inactivated
3. subunit/ conjugate
4. mRNA

A

3

38
Q

shingrix vaccine is
1. live-attenuated
2. inactivated
3. subunit/ conjugate
4. mRNA

A

3

39
Q

typically, AEs from subunit vaccines are _____ than inactivated

A

lower

40
Q

which vaccine can cause a hard painless lump on the arm that will go away

A

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

41
Q

polysaccharide subunit vaccine protects against _______________ through ____ independent immunogens

A

certain encapsulated bacteria
T cell independent

42
Q

conjugated polysaccharide subunit vaccines are

A

Attaching (linking) the polysaccharide antigen to a protein carrier = creates an effective immunogen = elicits T cell immune response + B cell

43
Q

protein subunuit vaccinse are

A

Purified, inactivated proteins from outer coating of viruses or bacteria

44
Q

______ are often added as adjuvant for protein subunit vaccines to enhance immune response

A

aluminum salts

45
Q

which 2 types of vaccines typically contain aluminum salts as adjuvants

A

toxoid and subunit

46
Q

diphtheria vaccine type
1. subunit
2. live
3. inactivated
4. toxoid

A

4

47
Q

toxoid vaccines typically require _______ dose(s) for immunity
1. single
2. multiple

A

2 - protection wanes over time

48
Q

which of the following is least likely to require a booster shot
1. live attenuated
2. toxoid
3. subunit
4. mRNA

A

1

49
Q

nucleic acids include
1. mRNA
2. DNA
3. sRNA
4. 1+2

A

4

50
Q

2 general issues with nucleic acid vaccines

A

stability issues outside of cell, lack of public acceptance due to misinformation

51
Q

nucleic acid vaccine MOA

A

Carries the genetic instructions from the host’s cells to make the antigen which more closely mimics a natural infxn- gets our cells to produce subunit of protein of interest

52
Q

pros of mRNA vaccines

A

↓ cost and ease of prod (not grown in eggs/ cells)
No risk of preexisting immunity which can limit effectiveness (compared to viral vector vaccines)
Future: one vaccine to target multiple diseases

53
Q

cons of mRNA vaccines

A

Must stabilize/ protect mRNA
Long term eff/ safety unknown (ex- v rare or long term SEs)

54
Q

2 cons of combo vaccines

A

If have a rxn to a dose, you do not know what vaccine may have caused the rxn
May actually lower uptake or acceptance by some groups

55
Q

list 3 intrinsic host factors determining vaccine response

A

Age, sex, genetics, comorbidities, circulating Abs (ex- maternal Abs), immunodeficiency, underlying disease

56
Q

list 2 administration factors determining vaccine response

A

Vaccine schedule, site, route, needle size, time of day, coadmin vaccines/ drugs

57
Q

what is primary vaccine failure

A

an individual fails to make an adequate immune response to the initial vaccination (ex- in ~10% of measles and mumps vaccine recipients)

58
Q

describe secondary vaccine failure

A

individual makes an adequate immune response initially but then immunity wanes over time (a feature of most inactivated vaccines = need for boosters in some cases)

59
Q

a reaction to a live vaccine usually occurs according to

A

the time it takes for the virus to replicate
ex- MMR = 7-12 days

60
Q

when do reactions to inactivated vaccines typically occur

A

within 48hrs

61
Q

which is preferable
1. shorter interval between vaccine doses
2. longer interval between vaccine doses
3. live vaccines administered at the same visit
4. live vaccines separated by at least 4 week
5. all but 1

A

5

62
Q

live vaccines must be administered at _______ or _______

A

same visit or separated by at least 4 weeks

63
Q

most routine childhood vaccines are

A

schedule 1

446- ID and transplant (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions