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ME2017 Science A > immunology mw%% (+ > Flashcards

immunology mw%% (+ Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the first line of defense?

A

Physical Barrier:

  1. Skin
  2. Mucos.
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2
Q

What are the 3 generic differences between adaptive and innate immune system?

A
  1. Specificity.
  2. Antibody production.
  3. Memory
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3
Q

What are the major cells involved in innate and adaptive immune system?

A
  1. Innate: Phagocytes (macrophage, neutrophils), natural killer cells: NK cells play a major role in the host-rejection of both tumours and virally infected cells.
  2. Adaptive: lymphocytes.
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4
Q

Describe the process of phagocytosis?

A
  • Adherence
  • ingestion
  • formation of phagosome
  • fusion with a lysomes to form a phagolysosomes
  • digestion
  • formation of residual body containing indegistable material and then discharge.
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5
Q

Where is the origin of macrophages and what is their funcion?

A
  • Made in bone marrow and are called monocytes and then macrophages in the tissues.
  • Function is redness and recruitment and phagocytosis.
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6
Q

Function of natural killer cells?

A
  • Found in spleen (blood filter) and blood
  • cause the cell to commit suicide by making a hole then releasing enzymes and chemicals contained within granule.
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7
Q

Eosinophil

A
  • Help combat parasitic infections.
  • Involved in allergy and asthma.
  • Granules contain many enzymes.
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8
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • Most abundant WBC
  • Phagocytosis
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9
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A
  • On encountering a parasite the mast cell dumps all it’s contents onto the parasite to kill it.
  • The contents of the mast cell can also cause an allergic reaction in the host which if it is severe enough can cause anaphylactic shock.
  • Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction that is rapid in onset and may cause death.
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10
Q

Basophil

A
  • Least common of granulocytes (0.01 – 0.3%)
  • Contain large cytoplasmic granules which obscure nucleus under microscope
  • Cells store histamine in the granules. It increases the permeability of the capillaries to white blood cells, to allow them to engage pathogens in the infected tissues
  • Often found in parasitic infections
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11
Q

What is the complement system?

A
  • it bridges a gap between adaptive and innate immunity.
  • The complement response does not change over time

Has 3 activation pathways

  • Promote phagocytosis of microbes (opsonisation)
  • Stimulate inflammation – activate Mast Cells and Neutrophils
  • Also stimulate activation of B Cells and Ab production

Note: all lead to the lysis of the target cell.

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12
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemicals used by cells to communicate with other cells.

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13
Q

What are the functions of Lymphatic System?

A
  • Drainage of tissue(lymph vessels)
  • Absorption and transport of fatty acids and fats
  • Immunity
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14
Q

Lymphatic Vessels

A
  • Only carry fluid away from the tissues.
  • Smallest are the lymphatic capillaries which begin in the tissue spaces as blind-ended sacs which are highly permeable
  • Walls are composed of endothelium in which simple squamous cells overlap to form one-way valves
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15
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Places where blood cells are made and mature (receive their ‘early training) :

  1. Bone Marrow
  2. Thymus
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16
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Sites of Lymphocyte activation (by antigens)

  • Lymph node
  • Spleen
  • Toncil
17
Q

Lymph node function

A
  • Filter and purify the lymph before it reaches the venous system
  • 99% of antigen will be removed in the lymph node
  • In response to antigen detection (APC)T cells and B cells are stimulated and adaptive immune response is initiated
  • Maintain and produce B cells and house T cells
18
Q

Lymph node and lymphatic system pic

A
19
Q

Lymphatic drainage pic

A
20
Q

what is the function of T-cells?

A

T cells are responsible for cell mediated immunity(cytoxic or CD8+) and assisting B cells( Helper or CD4+ ).

T-cell selection:

  • T cells must ‘learn’ not to recognise our own ‘self’ antigens.
  • They must also be restricted to recognise Ag in association with our own MHC.
  • The major histocompatibility complex is a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates, which in turn determines histocompatibility
21
Q

Purpose of MHC Class l

A
  • Found on virtually all nucleated cells.
  • Presents ‘virally induced’ peptides to CD8+ T cells and trigger cytotoxic response.
22
Q

Purpose of MHC Class ll

A
  • Found only on ‘Professional Antigen Presenting Cells’ (APCs).
  • Presents exogenously produced Ag to CD4+ T cells (helpers)
  • Activates macrophages and B cells
23
Q

Difference between T cell and B cell lympocytes in recognition of Antigen?

A
  • B cells – recognise free organic antigen via B Cell Receptors (BCR)
  • T cells need to be shown protein antigen in association with MHC
24
Q

What is the role of B cells in immunity?

A
  • Mature into Plasma Cells
  • Plasma cells are responsible for antibody (Ab) production.
  • Express surface immunoglobulin (sIg) which is the antigen receptor for the B cell
25
Q

what is self-tolerence?

A

The body’s immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self marker.

26
Q

T Helper Cells (Th)

A
  • Cannot kill infected cells or pathogens
  • Activate and direct other immune cells
  • Essential in B cell Ab class switching
  • Essential in activation and growth of Tc
27
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A
  • When exposed to infected / dysfunctional somatic cells Tc Cells release perforin
  • Forms pores in the target cell
  • Also release Granzyme B, a protease, that can enter target cells via the perforin-formed pore and induce apoptosis
28
Q

T Cell Memory

A
  • Memory T cells can arise from fully differentiated T cells or from T cells which are only partially differentiated – allowing potential for further differentiation on re-exposure to the antigen.
29
Q

B Cell (and T cell) Tolerance

A
  • Both B Cells and T Cells can be made tolerant, but it is more important to tolerize T cells than B cells because B cells cannot make antibodies to most antigens without the help of T cells.
  • B cells which recognise self Ag die in the bone marrow by apoptosis

Defintion: a state of unresponsiveness of the immune system to substances or tissue that have the capacity to elicit an immune response in given organism. It contrasts with conventional immune-mediated elimination of foreign antigens

30
Q

Antibody Structure pic

A
31
Q

5 different classes of Antibody

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig) are the proteins with antibody activity- 5 classes

  • Primary response (IgM): Good at fixing compliment and opsonization (kill bacteria)
  • Secondary response (IgG): Good opsonizer (crosses placenta)
  • Mucosal immunity (IgA): Protects mucosal surfaces, resistant to stomach acid (Neutralisation)
  • Allergy and helminth infection (worm-like parasites) (IgE): can causes anaphylactic shock
  • IgD – No known Ab function
32
Q

Opsonisation

A

Opsonisation is a term that refers to an immune process bacteria are targeted for destruction by phagocytes. The process of opsonization is a means of identifying the invading particle to the phagocyte.

ME2017 Science A (26 decks)

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