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FOM Week 2 > Immunology Lecture 1: Introduction > Flashcards

Immunology Lecture 1: Introduction Flashcards

0
Q

What are ways the immune system prevents infection?

A
  1. Prevent entry/access of microorganisms to internal organs
  2. Prevent or inhibit growth or microorganisms
  3. Neutralize toxins
  4. Kills or destroy infectious agents
  5. “Wall-off” or sequesters infectious agents
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1
Q

What are normal functions of the immune system?

A
  1. Protection from infection disease and reinfection
  2. Remove effecte (ie. aged or senescent) cells and debris
  3. Surveillance and removal of neoplastic cells
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2
Q

What are the two main branches of the immune system?

A

Innate (non-specific) and adaptive (specific)

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3
Q

What are characteristics of the innate immunity?

A
  1. Consists of all elements born with
  2. Always present and available at short notice/immediately
  3. Does not change or adapt
  4. Highly conserved phylogenetically
  5. Structural or physical (skin), cellular (phagocytes), or chemical (acidity, enzymes)
  6. Recognize foreignness in very broad categories
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4
Q

How does the innate immune system recognize foreignness?

A
  1. Recognize structure motifs common to large classes of pathogens (pathogen associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)
  2. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize PAMPs, but not self
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5
Q

What is describe how the innate immune system recognizes Gram-negative bacteria foreignness?

A

Endotoxin, produced by most Gram-negative bacteria, is bound by CD14 which recognizes its lipid A backbone. CD14+lipid A bind to TLR4 sending an intracellular signal cascade initiating a defensive and inflammatory response.

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6
Q

What is the role of the normal flora or microbiome in innate and adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Occupy receptor sites for getting into the body
  2. Compete for nutrients
  3. Produce substances which are toxic to some pathogens
  4. Stimulate cross-protective immunity
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7
Q

What are type 1 interferons

A
  1. Proteins with antiviral activity capable of enhancing and modifying immune response.
  2. Subclass of cytokines
  3. Part of the innate immunity
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8
Q

What cells are the most important cellular defense against infection?

A

Phagocytes ie. neutrophils, monocytes, and classes of tissue macrophages

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9
Q

What are characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. More specialized than innate immunity
  2. Present only in vertebrates, more conserved phylogenetically
  3. Only comprises of B and T lymphocytes
  4. B/T lymphocytes recognize only 1 foreign structure
  5. Recognition receptors are mutable, not hard-wired
  6. Does not pre-exist, takes min. of 7-10 days
  7. Has memory, takes min. of 3-4 days for reinfection
  8. Self-regulation
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10
Q

Define active vs passive adaptive immunity and natural vs acquired adaptive immunity

A
  1. Active adaptive immunity implies metabolic activity in host, passive is received
  2. Natural adaptive immunity is created by natural means, acquired is medical intervention
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11
Q

What is active, natural adaptive immunity and passive, natural adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Active/natural: patient acquires the disease and then recovers
  2. Passive/natural: mother passes immunity to child either transplacentally or through breast-feeding
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12
Q

What is active acquired adaptive immunity and passive acquired adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Active acquired: patient is vaccinated against the disease
  2. Passive acquired: patient is administered pre-formed immune components
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13
Q

What is immunopathology and what are the different types?

A
  1. Diseases as a consequence of, or defect in, the immune response
  2. Aberrant effects of the immune response to a given pathogen “civilian casualties”
  3. Allergic responses - hypersensitivies
  4. Autoimmune diseases - responses to self
  5. Immune deficiency diseases - most severe include phagocyte deficiencies
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14
Q

What are primary and secondary lymphoid structures?

A
  1. Primary: bone marrow and thymus

2. Secondary: spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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15
Q

What is the role of the bone marrow with the immune system?

A

Major site of leukocyte and platelet development

16
Q

What is the role of the thymus in the immune system?

A

Development of mature T lymphocytes

17
Q

What is the role of the spleen in the immune system?

A

Cells within spleen are responsive to blood-borne foreign molecules or pathogens

18
Q

What is the role of lymph nodes within the immune system?

A
  1. Cells within lymph nodes responsive to pathogens from skin, mucous membranes, or internal organs
  2. Higher number of T cells than B cells, and dendritic cells
  3. Site for presentation of foreign antigens and activation of cells
  4. Filters all fluid through lymph and concentrates foreign molecules
19
Q

What is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and where can they be located?

A

Loosely aggregated non-encapsulated lymphoid tissue found in lamina propria and submucosal areas

  1. Tonsils and adenoids
  2. Peyer’s patch of ileum (GALT)
  3. Appendix
  4. Salivary glands
  5. Breast tissue
  6. Lacrimal glands
  7. Sinuses
  8. Lungs (BALT)
20
Q

Define cytokines

A
  1. Soluble mediators secreted by cells in response to inflammatory signals or in response to foreignness.
  2. Are protein or glycoprotein molecules that bind to specific receptors causing an intracellular response
21
Q

Define monokines

A

Cytokines produced by monocytes/macrophages

22
Q

Define lymphokines

A

Cytokines produced by lymphocytes

23
Q

Define chemokines

A

Small cytokines involved in inducing chemotaxis and activation of phagocytic cells and lymphocytes.

24
Q

What does CD stand for and what molecules does it represent?

A
  1. CD: cluster of differentiation

2. Cell surface molecules involved in recognition in the immune system

FOM Week 2 (13 decks)

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