Immunology Lec 10

Question 1

Lecture 10:
What is carcinoma?

Answer 1

Carcinoma is cancer of epithelial cells.

Question 2

What is sarcoma?

Answer 2

Sarcoma is cancer of connective tissues.

Question 3

What is lymphoma?

Answer 3

Lymphoma is cancer of the lymphoid system.

Question 4

What is leukemia?

Answer 4

Leukemia is cancer of blood cells.

Question 5

Name some common types of carcinomas.

Answer 5

Basal-cell carcinoma, breast carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, lung carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, melanoma.

Question 6

What are tumor-specific antigens?

Answer 6

Tumor-specific antigens are unique to tumors and result from DNA mutations, such as the CDK-4 gene in melanoma.

Question 7

What are tumor-associated antigens?

Answer 7

Tumor-associated antigens are normal proteins with abnormal expression, such as PSA in prostate cancer and HER-2/NEU in breast cancer.

Question 8

How does the immune system eliminate virus-transformed cells?

Answer 8

Immune cells target viruses that can cause cancer and eliminate the virus-transformed cells.

Question 9

What role does the immune system play in regulating inflammation related to cancer?

Answer 9

Immune cells control pathogens and inflammation that can lead to cancer.

Question 10

How do tumors evade immune surveillance through low immunogenicity?

Answer 10

Tumors may not display enough antigens to be recognized by the immune system.

Question 11

What is one way tumors present as normal cells?

Answer 11

Tumors may present as normal cells through self-recognition mechanisms.

Question 12

How do tumors use immune suppression to evade detection?

Answer 12

Tumors may secrete factors that inhibit the immune response.

Question 13

What is mutation escape in the context of tumor evasion?

Answer 13

Tumor cells mutate to evade detection by the immune system.

Question 14

How do tumors create physical barriers to shield themselves?

Answer 14

Tumors create barriers to shield themselves from immune cells

Question 15

What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in cancer immunotherapy?

Answer 15

Monoclonal antibodies target specific tumor antigens to mediate cytotoxicity.

Question 16

What are immunotoxins?

Answer 16

Immunotoxins are antibodies conjugated with toxic drugs to kill cancer cells.

Question 17

What is adoptive cell transfer in cancer immunotherapy?

Answer 17

Adoptive cell transfer involves transferring immune cells with anti-tumor activity back into the patient.

Question 18

What is CAR T-Cell Therapy?

Answer 18

CAR T-Cell Therapy involves genetically engineered T cells with receptors specific to tumor antigens.

Question 19

How does checkpoint blockade enhance T cell activity against tumors?

Answer 19

Checkpoint blockade uses monoclonal antibodies to block inhibitory signals, enhancing T cell activity against tumors.

Question 20

What is the role of IL-12 in cancer immunity?

Answer 20

IL-12 protects against chemically induced tumors.

Question 21

How does Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) contribute to cancer treatment?

Answer 21

TNF-alpha induces tumor necrosis.

Question 22

What is the function of Interferon-gamma in cancer immunity?

Answer 22

Interferon-gamma enhances antigen presentation, inhibits angiogenesis, and activates macrophages.

Question 23

Why is understanding tumor evasion mechanisms important in cancer immunotherapy?

Answer 23

Understanding how tumors evade immune responses is crucial for developing effective cancer immunotherapies.