Immunology Lec 10 Flashcards
Lecture 10:
What is carcinoma?
Carcinoma is cancer of epithelial cells.
What is sarcoma?
Sarcoma is cancer of connective tissues.
What is lymphoma?
Lymphoma is cancer of the lymphoid system.
What is leukemia?
Leukemia is cancer of blood cells.
Name some common types of carcinomas.
Basal-cell carcinoma, breast carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, lung carcinoma, colorectal carcinoma, melanoma.
What are tumor-specific antigens?
Tumor-specific antigens are unique to tumors and result from DNA mutations, such as the CDK-4 gene in melanoma.
What are tumor-associated antigens?
Tumor-associated antigens are normal proteins with abnormal expression, such as PSA in prostate cancer and HER-2/NEU in breast cancer.
How does the immune system eliminate virus-transformed cells?
Immune cells target viruses that can cause cancer and eliminate the virus-transformed cells.
What role does the immune system play in regulating inflammation related to cancer?
Immune cells control pathogens and inflammation that can lead to cancer.
How do tumors evade immune surveillance through low immunogenicity?
Tumors may not display enough antigens to be recognized by the immune system.
What is one way tumors present as normal cells?
Tumors may present as normal cells through self-recognition mechanisms.
How do tumors use immune suppression to evade detection?
Tumors may secrete factors that inhibit the immune response.
What is mutation escape in the context of tumor evasion?
Tumor cells mutate to evade detection by the immune system.
How do tumors create physical barriers to shield themselves?
Tumors create barriers to shield themselves from immune cells
What is the role of monoclonal antibodies in cancer immunotherapy?
Monoclonal antibodies target specific tumor antigens to mediate cytotoxicity.
What are immunotoxins?
Immunotoxins are antibodies conjugated with toxic drugs to kill cancer cells.
What is adoptive cell transfer in cancer immunotherapy?
Adoptive cell transfer involves transferring immune cells with anti-tumor activity back into the patient.
What is CAR T-Cell Therapy?
CAR T-Cell Therapy involves genetically engineered T cells with receptors specific to tumor antigens.
How does checkpoint blockade enhance T cell activity against tumors?
Checkpoint blockade uses monoclonal antibodies to block inhibitory signals, enhancing T cell activity against tumors.
What is the role of IL-12 in cancer immunity?
IL-12 protects against chemically induced tumors.
How does Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) contribute to cancer treatment?
TNF-alpha induces tumor necrosis.
What is the function of Interferon-gamma in cancer immunity?
Interferon-gamma enhances antigen presentation, inhibits angiogenesis, and activates macrophages.
Why is understanding tumor evasion mechanisms important in cancer immunotherapy?
Understanding how tumors evade immune responses is crucial for developing effective cancer immunotherapies.
