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Immunology > Immunology: Intro > Flashcards

Immunology: Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up our immune system?

A
  • Innate immune system
  • Adaptive immune system
  • Physical barriers
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2
Q

What are the physical and chemical barriers against infection?

A
  • Saliva
    • lysozyme, IgA, IgG, lactoferrin
  • Mucociliary escalator
  • Normal flora
  • Physical flushing (urinary tract)
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3
Q

What does the innate immune system do?

A
  • Rapid
  • Already present at birth
  • Some specificity
  • No memory – same response with re-exposure
  • Detects alteration from haemostasis
    • Damage recognition - host
    • Pathogen recognition - pathogen
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4
Q

Which cells make up the innate immune system?

A
  • NK cells
  • Mast cell
  • Basophil
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Monocyte
  • Macrophage
  • Dendritic cell
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5
Q

What are the mechanisms of innate immune system?

A
  • Inflammation
  • Recruitment of immune cells
  • Activation of complement
  • Opsonisation
  • Phagocytosis
  • NK cytotoxicity
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6
Q

What is the role of cytokines?

A
  • Regulate the nature, duration and intensity of the immune response
  • Form a method of ‘communication’ between components of the immune system
  • Bind to specific receptors on target cells
  • Predominantly produced by macrophages and T helper cells
  • Cytokines can cause cell growth and proliferation – increase leukocyte production
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7
Q

During inflammation which cells detect the inflammation and what response do they cause?

A

Pattern recognition receptors (PRR)

  • Vasodilation
  • Increased vascular permeability
  • Increased cell adhesion molecules
  • Chemotaxis
  • Increased sensitivity to pain
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8
Q

Which molecules are related to vasodilation?

A
  • Nitric oxide
  • Bradykinin
  • Prostaglandins
  • TNF alpha
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9
Q

Which molecules increases sensitivity to pain?

A

Bradykinin

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10
Q

Increased vascular permeability?

A

Histamine, Nitric oxide

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11
Q

What are the roles of complement?

A
  1. Chemotaxis of phagocytes to sites of inflammation
    - (C3a, C5a)
  2. Opsonisation
    - (C3b, C4b)
  3. Lysis of micro-organisms
    - (C5b-9 complex)
  4. Maintain solubility of Ag / Ab complexes
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12
Q

What is opsonisation?

A

Prepare for eating by phagocytosis

Main opsonins:

–Complement C3b, C4b

–Antibodies

–Plasma proteins – mannose binding lectin

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13
Q

What are the features of the adaptive immune system?

A
  • Specific
  • Delayed
  • Immunological memory
    • Faster responses to known antigen
    1. Humoral
      * Antibody-mediated
      * B lymphocytes
    1. Cell-mediated
      * T lymphocytes
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14
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature?

A

T cells - thymus

B cells - bone marrow

  • B and T cells then migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where they encounter antigen
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15
Q

What is an antibody?

A
  • A glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes that binds antigens with a high degree of specificity and affinity
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16
Q

Which cells bind to MHC-1 and what pathogens do they show?

A
  • CD8+ cells bind to MHC-1
  • MHC-1 are normal receptors and show intracellular pathogens (virus)
17
Q

WHich cells bind to MHC-II and what pathogens do they express?

A

MHC-II are professional cells (dendritic, macrophages, B lymphocytes) - CD4+ helper cells bind, they cells who extracellular pathogens.

18
Q

What is central tolerance?

A
  • Occurs in the primary lymphoid organs
  • Thymus and bone marrow
  • Make sure that immune cells are not self reactive

Positive selection – can T cells recognise MHC?

Negative selection – does T cell interact too strongly with self antigens via MHC?

19
Q

What is peripheral tolerance?

A
  • Occurs in the secondary lymphoid organs
  • Regulates mature cells
  • Monitoring of lymphocytes within secondary lymphoid organs and circulation

Regulatory T cells – recognise and destroy self-reactive lymphocytes

20
Q

What do cytoxic CD8+ cells release?

A
  • Release IFN-g and TNF-a
    • Direct anti-viral and anti-tumour effects
  • Release cytotoxic granules:
    • Perforin + granzyme = apoptosis of target cell
21
Q

What do CD4+ cells release/do?

A
  • Release cytokines to ‘help’ the activity of other immune cells
  • Promote B cell antibody class switching
22
Q

What are the functions of an antibody?

A
  1. Immune complex formation
  2. Opsonisation
  3. Activating the cascade complement
  4. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
    1. Bind to target cells and initiate a non- phagocytic cell-mediated destruction
23
Q

What are some secondary causes of immune deficiency?

A
  • Environmental
  • Disease
  • Iatrogenic
24
Q

Summary of functions of innate immune system:

A
  • Endothelial cells, Macrophages and dendritic cells
    • Recognise virus via PRRs
    • Release cytokines and IFN: direct antiviral effect
  • Chemotaxis
  • Phagocytosis: macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
  • NK cell cytotoxicity
  • Complement activation
    • viral aggregation and coating. Lysis of virally infected cells
  • Opsonisation
25
Q

Summary of function of adaptive immune system:

A
  • Presentation of antigen to lymphocytes in lymph nodes
    • Infected dendritice cell presents via MHC I
    • Phagocytic dendritic cell presents via MHC II
  • T lymphocytes
    • CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
      • TNF-alpha and IFN rlease
      • Perforin and granzyme-mediated apoptosis
    • CD4+ esp: Th1
      • IFN release
      • Maximise macrophage and Tc activity
      • B cell activation, differntiation and class switching

Immunology (6 decks)

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