Immunology, inflammation and repair

Question 1

What are the basic 4 pathological processes?

Answer 1

o	1. Inflammation and repair
o	2. Degeneration and cell injury
o	3. Circulatory disturbances
o	4. Disorders of growth
o	5. Accumulation of pigments and deposits

Question 2

Name some white blood cells

Answer 2

Eosinophiles, neutrophils, basophils

Plasma, T lymphocytes, NK cells

Question 3

What are histocytes and monocytes?

Answer 3

Both are macrophages. Histocytes come from the tissue while monocytes are circulating and enter tissue when needed,

Question 4

PAMPS can be found in the body

Answer 4

False. Found in pathogenic and non pathogenic microbes.

Question 5

What are the 3 cascades involved in innate

Answer 5

1. clotting cascade
2. Kinin cascade
3. Complement cascade

Question 6

What are the protein and initiators of the classical pathway for complement cascade?

Answer 6

Protein C1-C3 (C3 most important) and triggered by antigen-antibody complex (IgM or IgG)

Question 7

What are the protein and initiators of the alternative pathway for complement cascade?

Answer 7

Proteins: factors B and D, factor H, factor I and properdin (P)
triggered by microbial and polyssacharides

Question 8

Events involving leukocytes occur in the cellular phase of the innate response. True or false

Answer 8

True

Question 9

In adaptive immunity, what lymphocytes do Th1 and Th2 communicate wtith?

Answer 9

T lymphocytes and b lymphocytes respectively

Question 10

Where can you find IgA?

Answer 10

Mucosal surfaces and they protect from destruction

Question 11

what is the most common antibody?

Answer 11

IgG. It opsonises, neutralises and can be found in high levels in serum and tissue

Question 12

IgE has nothing to do with allergies. tru or false

Answer 12

False, it is important in the induction of allergy and stimulates early signs of inflammation

Question 13

What are the staged of wound healing?

Answer 13

Hemostasis
Inflammtion
Proliferaiton
Remodelling

Question 14

When does angiogenesis occur and what are the steps?

Answer 14

Occurs in the proliferative phase of wound healing
1- Breakdown of ECM and BM of parent vessel
2- Immature endothelial cells migrate into wound
3- The immature endothelial cells make solid tubes
4- They mature and form a lumina
5- Gap junctions and adhesion molecules are established
6- Pericyte and smooth muscle surround new vessel

Question 15

what are teh 2 possible outcomes of repair?

Answer 15

• Parenchymal regeneration where all cells replaced

* Tissue replacement (scaring) where cells cannot be replaced and scar tissue is formed`

Question 16

capacity to repair is predetermined by what cells?

Answer 16

Labile, stable and permanent cells

Question 17

How can we test the th2 response?

Answer 17

Via ELISA technique: We can test for the antibody or for the antigen presence.

Question 18

Describe how one would conduct the indirect ELISA technique to test for an antibody

Answer 18

• Antigen of interest (1) is bound to a polystyrene membrane
• Patient’s serum containing antibodies (2) is added.
• Bound antibodies are detected by second antibody (3) with an attached enzyme (4)
• The enzyme will catalyse a colour change reaction only if patient antibody (2) to secondary antibody (3) the complex has formed.