Immunology for Medical Students

Question 1

List the cells of the innate immune system

Answer 1

Tissue Macrophages / Circulatory Monocytes

Neutrophils

Basophils

Mast cells

Eosinophils

Dendritic cells

Natural Killer cells

Question 2

List the cells of the adpative immune system

Answer 2

T Lymphocytes

B Lymphocytes

Question 3

What is the name of the stem cells that gives rise to Erythrocytes, Platelets, Lymphocytes and Granulocytes?

Answer 3

Haematopoeitic Pluripotent Stem Cells

Question 4

Name the different tissue-specfic macrophages

Answer 4

Alveolar Macrophage (Lungs)

Mesangial Macrophage (Kidney Vasculature)

Kuppfer cells (Liver)

Osteoclast (Bone)

Question 5

Which cells of the innate are found in the blood?

Answer 5

Monocytes

Eosinophils

Neutrophils

Basophils

Immature Dendritic cells

NK cells

Question 6

Which cells of the innate are found within tissues?

Answer 6

Macrophages

Mature Dendritic cells

Mast cells

Question 7

Where are the Primary Lymphoid Organs?

Answer 7

Thymus

Bone Marrow

Question 8

Name 3 Muscosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

Answer 8

Naso-pharyngeal lymph nodes

Tonsillar lymph nodes

Bronchial lymph nodes

Question 9

What is the name of the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)?

Answer 9

Peyer’s patches

Question 10

What is the immunologial role of the Spleen?

Answer 10

It is the largest lymph node in the body and filters the blood to remove old/dying blood cells. It consists of red pulp and white pulp, the latter stores many lymphocytes.

Question 11

True or False: The majority of lymphocytes are found in lymph nodes.

Answer 11

True

There are approximately 1-2 trillion lymphocytes found in lymphnodes compared to 5-10 billion in the cirulation.

Question 12

Where does the lymphoid system eventually drain into?

Answer 12

Into the venous system via the thoracic duct into the vena cava.

Question 13

Through which vessel can immune cells in the blood be recruited to a lymphnode close to the site of infection?

Answer 13

High Endothelial Venule

Question 14

What are the 4 major systems of immunological molecules?

Answer 14

Complement

Antibody

Cytokines

Chemokines

Question 15

What are the 3 pathways by which Complement can become activated?

Answer 15

1. Classical Pathway
2. Mannan-binding Lectin Pathway
3. Alternative Pathway

Question 16

What activates the Classical pathway of Complement?

Answer 16

Antibody binding to Antigen

Question 17

What activates the Mannan-binding Lectin pathway of Complement?

Answer 17

Lectin binding to Mannose (Sugar residues) on the surface of the microorganism.

Question 18

What is the end effector results of the Complement Cascade?

Answer 18

Formation of MAC to cause pathogen cell lysis

Production of Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokies

Question 19

What is the difference between Cytokines and Chemokines?

Answer 19

Cytokines act on cells to activate, suppress or modify their function.

Chemokines recruit immune cells to the site of infection along a chemotactic gradient - Chemotaxis.

Question 20

Which chemokine receptors does HIV use to gain entry into lymphocytes?

Answer 20

CCR5 CXCR4

Question 21

Define Antibody

Answer 21

Specific binding proteins for antigen, produced by activated B lymphocytes.

Question 22

Which antibody is present during the initial stages of infection?

Answer 22

IgM

Question 23

Which antibody is present as a pentameric protein?

Answer 23

IgM

Question 24

Which antibody is present in greater abundance after a second exposure to the same antigen?

Answer 24

IgG

Question 25

Remicade is a monoclonal antibody against which major inflammatory cytokine involved in arthritis?

Answer 25

TNF-alpha

Question 26

Which immune cell is involved in bridging the innate immune response with the adaptive immune response?

Answer 26

Dendritic cells

Question 27

What is the name of the monoclonal antibody used in breast cancer?

Answer 27

Herceptin