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Immunology > Immunology Exam 1; Semester 1 > Flashcards

Immunology Exam 1; Semester 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A

Immunity is the ability for the body to resist disease and pathological development.

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2
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

The immune system is responsible for eliminating foreign bodies, and protection from invasions by creating an immune response.

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3
Q

How many immune mediated responses are there and what are they in order of what pathogens encounter?

A

3, physical, innate, adaptive.

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4
Q

What is adaptive immunity? How many adaptive immunities are there and what are they?

A

Adaptive immunity is immunity that used leukocytes that bind to specific pathogens/antigens to eliminate them. Some of the lymphocytes will differenciate into memory cells. Adaptive immunity is slow, but is able to have memory. There are two different types of adaptive immunities, antibody mediated and cell mediated.

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5
Q

What is antibody mediated immunity?

A

Antibody mediated immunity is a type of adaptive immune response. This type of immune response uses antibodies (proteins) with specificity toward a specific pathogen.

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6
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity? What is an example of cell mediated immunity?

A

Cell mediated immunity is a form of adaptive immunity. This type of immunity recruits cells that have specificity for a specific pathogen and uses those cells to target and kill them. There is no antibody production.

Ex. Organ transplant

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7
Q

What is a physical barrier in relation to the immune system?

A

A physical barrier is the bodies first layer of protection from pathogens. Examples include the skin, vomiting and diarrhea.

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8
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Innate immunity is the bodies second defense against pathogens. It is quick, and organisms are often born with it. It has no memory. There are two main components for innate immunity which are cells and chemicals/proteins. These recognize many antigens at once (no specificity). Innate immunity is made of mostly phagocytic cells and can be overwhelmed.

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9
Q

What are examples of innate responses?

A

Inflammation, defending and lysozymes

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10
Q

What is a lipopolysaccharide

A

Lipopolysaccharide, or LPS, is on the surface of some antibodies and is a gram (-) antibody that is recognized by the innate system, no matter what it is on.

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11
Q

What is a lysozyme?

A

A lysozyme is a non-specific anti microbial protein that eliminates bacteria

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12
Q

Where are antigens found in blood

A

Serum. Coagulation is required for a pure sample. If there is no coagulation then the coagulation proteins will still be in the sample

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13
Q

What are two ways that natural transfer of immunity can occur

A

Through the placenta and through colostrum

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14
Q

What are the two antibody mediated responses?

A

Primary and secondary

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15
Q

How long does a primary adaptive response last? What needs to occur after that response?

A

14 days. A booster needs to be given to cause the secondary response which will be faster and last longer

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16
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Hematopoiesis is the production of blood cells of which there are three kinds

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17
Q

What are the three types of blood cells

A

Erythrocytes (red), myeloid (phagocytic cells), and lymphoid (white)

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18
Q

What is the main blood production organ?

A

The bone marror

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19
Q

What stimulated blood production?

A

Interleukins and colony stimulating factors

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20
Q

What is a neutrophil? How long is their lifetime and what is their structure?

A

Neutrophils, aka polymorphoneucleuocytes (heterophils in birds) are a type of granulocyte. They are the main leukocyte (white blood cell) from the myloid lineage. They are the first leukocyte defence from antimicrobials. They do this via phagocytosis \, degradation or ‘trap’ formation.

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21
Q

What is a monocyte? How long do they survive and what is their structure?

A

A monocyte, aka a mononuclear granulocyte, is a precursor to the macrophage ( a macrophage but in the blood).They lineate from the myeloid and have an antimicrobial mechanism of action

22
Q

What is a macrophage? How long is its lifetime and what is its structure?

A

A macrophage, which lineates from the myeloid, is what monocytes become once they reach a tissue. They are responsible for immune servalence, antimicrobial affects and limited antigen presentation. They do this via release of inflammatory mediators and phagocytosis.

Macrophages have different names based on the tissues they are in.

23
Q

What CSF promotes the growth of monocytes

A

The granulocyte-monocyte CSF

24
Q

What CSF promotes the growth of granulocytes including neutrophils?

A

The granulocyte CSF

25
Q

Are interleukins and granulocytes CSF’s important for production of granulocytes?

A

Yes

26
Q

What happens when lymphoids mature?

A

The lymphoid will leave the bone marrow, differentiate and then migrate to tissues via blood.

27
Q

What is an eosinophil? What is the lifetime and structure of the eosinophil?

A

Eosinophils, AKA eosinophil granules come from the myeloid. they have anti-parasitic and some anti-viral affects. They also defend against allergies. They do this via degradation and limited phagocytosis

28
Q

What is a basophil? What is a basophils lifetime and what is the structure of one?

A

A basophil, aka basophil granulocytes, come from the myeloid. they are responsible for inflammation via degradation

29
Q

What is a dendritic cell? What is its lifetime and what is the structure?

A

A dendritic cell, AKA an inflammatory DC, conventional DC or langerhaan cell (DC in skin), is a cell that detects antigen for an adaptive immune response.

30
Q

What is a mast cell?

A

A mast cell, AKA a sentinel cell, lineates from the myeloid. it is responsible for servalence, inflammatory and allergy affects via inflammatory mediators via degradation and synthesis of lipid mediators and cytokines.

31
Q

What is the myeloid?

A

The myeloid is another word for bone marrow

32
Q

What is a NK cell?

A

A NK cell (natural killer), AKA null lymphocyte, lineates from the lymphoid. They are responsible for destroying viral cells/ abnormal host cells (tumor). They do this by releasing cytotoxic granules.

33
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immune leukocytes?

A

T and B cells

34
Q

What kind of antigens to T cells recognize

A

Intracellular antigens

35
Q

What kind of antigens do B lymphocytes recognize

A

Extracellular antigens

36
Q

What is a B-lymphocyte and what steps does it have to go through before creating a response? what kind of response does this make?

A

A B lymphocyte is a white blood cell that matures in the bone marrow. It begins in the bone marrow (bursa in birds), differentiates into a plasma cell, before going back to mature in the bone marrow and producing a humeral (antibody) immune response.

37
Q

What is a T-lymphocyte and what steps does it have to go through before creating a response? what kind of response does this make?

A

A T-lymphocyte is a white blood cell that does not produce antibodies. T-cells produce cytokines creating a cell-immune response. The T-cell can differentiate into many different types of T cells. T-cells will arise from stem cells in the bone marrow before going to the thymus and maturing into one of three different types of T cells.

38
Q

What are the three different types of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic
helper
regulatory

39
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow and the bursa are good examples of primary lymphoid organs. Stem cells grow and divide here into either B or T cells before they go to maturate in secondary organs

40
Q

Secondary lymphoid organ

A

A secondary lymphoid organ is where B and T cells go to maturate. Once they maturate they move to lymphoid organs where they can recipulate from between the organ and the blood.

41
Q

Bird erythrocytes

A

Bird erythrocytes (red blood cells) have nuclei while mammals do not

42
Q

Canine Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome

A

Canine Trapped Neutrophil Syndrome is a genetic disease that can sometimes show up after an animal gets vaccines. This is caused when neutrophils get trapped in the bone marrow and are not released, causing fluctuations in neutrophil levels. Because of the fluctuations, there are below normal levels of neutrophils every two weeks or so (Neutropenia). Because neutrophils are the first adaptive immunity response cell, this leads to the canine being more susceptible to disease and the body cannot fight infection. This causes lethargy, pain, vomiting, diarrhea, infection and ultimately death before the age of 6 months of age

43
Q

What are different treatments for canine trapped neutrophil syndrome

A

bone marrow transplant, blood transfusion, stem cells into bone marrow (not common), growth factor (not common)(granulocyte-monocyte)(stimulated bone marrow to release neutrophils).

Can also just keep the dog in a sterile environment away from other animals to prevent infection

44
Q

How does a genetic disorder affect neutrophil numbers when other leukocytes seem unaffected?

A

the genetic disorder can be one that only affects he growth factors that increase neutrophils while the other growth factors and interleukins can be working.

45
Q

where do cells get energy for growth factors and differentiation?

A

The stromal or reticular cell

46
Q

What happens if lymphoids have self antigens?

A

If a lymphoid has a self antigen it will die via apoptosis in the primary organ before it is allowed to travel and differentiate. If the cell is able to differentiate an autoimmune disease may be the result.

47
Q

What are examples of secondary lymphoid organs

A

The lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, payers patches (gastro tract), tonsils. Secondary lymphoid organs is where they go post maturation to differentiate.

48
Q

what are examples of primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow, bursa (bird), thymus or peyer’s patches. This is where they go after stem cells change them to either B or T cells in order for them to mature.

49
Q

What are the two different classifications of primary lymphoid organs?

A

Internal and external. Internal being thymus, bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes and the external being anything with mucus such as the intestine, urogenital tract or mammary glands

50
Q

What are the differences between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Primary: early development, disappear post puberty, no lymphocytes will be made if it is removes, they do not produce an antigen response because nothing has differentiated

Secondary: late development, persists through life, no affect if removes, full immune response

Immunology (1 decks)

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