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immunology exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

imbalances in __ can affect the immune response

A

health conditions

humidity

temperature

nutrients

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2
Q

two groups of innate immunity

A

cellular

humoral

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3
Q

components of cellular immunity

A

neutrophils

macrophages

mast cells

lymphoid cells

basophils

eosinophils

natural killer cells

dendritic cells

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4
Q

components of the humoral system

A

complement system

natural antibodies

acute phase proteins

antimicrobial peptides

soluble lectins

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5
Q

why is it important for newborns to receive colostrum in the first couple hours

A

the mother’s antibodies are in the colostrum - the antibody mediated immune response can be transferred naturally through nursing

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6
Q

three major lineages of hematopoiesis

A

erythroid

myeloid

lymphoid

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7
Q

cells with myeloid lineage

A

granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

mast cells

monocytes

macrophages

myeloid dendritic cells

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8
Q

cells with lymphoid lineage

A

lymphocytes - T and B cells

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9
Q

function of colony stimulating growth factors (CSFs) and interleukins (ILs)

A

stimulate production of WBC in bone marrow

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10
Q

neutrophil primary function

A

antimicrobial effectors - esp. in acute bacterial infections

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11
Q

neutrophil mechanism of action

A

phagocytosis

degranulation

neutrophil extracellular trap formation - cover the pathogen, makes getting rid of them more efficient

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12
Q

most prominent leukocyte

A

neutrophil

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13
Q

eosinophil primary function

A

antiparasitic effectors - esp. in helminthic infection

some antiviral action

role in allergies

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14
Q

eosinophil mechanism of action

A

degranulation

limited phagocytosis

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15
Q

basophil primary function

A

mediator of inflammation

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16
Q

basophil mechanism of action

A

degranulation

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17
Q

monocytes primary function

A

precursors of macrophages and dendritic cells

high phagocytic properties

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18
Q

monocytes mechanism of action

A

limited antimicrobial function in blood

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19
Q

macrophage primary function

A

immune surveillance

moderate antimicrobial capacity

limited antigen presentation

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20
Q

macrophage mechanism of action

A

detection of threats and release of inflammatory mediators

phagocytosis

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21
Q

dendritic cell primary function

A

immune surveillance

antigen processing and presentation

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22
Q

dendritic cell mechanism of action

A

detection of threats and release of inflammatory mediators

endocytosis and phagocytosis

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23
Q

mast cell primary function

A

immune surveillance

mediator and amplifier of inflammation and allergy

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24
Q

mast cell mechanism of action

A

detection of threats and release of inflammatory mediators via degranulation

synthesis of lipid mediators and cytokines

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25
natural killer cells lineage
lymphoid
26
natural killer cells primary function
destruction of virally infected or abnormal host cells (incl. tumor cells)
27
natural killer cells mechanism of action
recognition of virally infected or abnormal host cells and targeted release of cytotoxic granules
28
characteristics of B lymphocytes
recognize extracellular antigens produce antibodies differentiate in plasma cells main role in humoral immune response
29
characteristics of T lymphocytes
recognize intracellular antigens does not produce antibodies produce cytokines differentiate in several types of lymphocytes main role in cellular immune response
30
where do B cells mature in birds
bursa of fabricus
31
where to B cells mature in mammals
bone marrow
32
where to T cell precursors arise from
bone marrow
33
where do T cells mature
thymus
34
canine trapped neutrophil syndrome
cycles every 2 weeks where puppies will develop neutropenia (dec. neutrophils) neutrophils get trapped in the bone marrow makes puppies more susceptible to infections
35
site of lymphocyte development
primary lymphoid organs
36
sites where lymphocytes respond to antigens
secondary lymphoid organs
37
primary lymphoid organs
thymus bursa of fabricus peyer's patches bone marrow
38
secondary lymphoid organs
tonsils spleen lymph nodes peyer's patches bone marrow
39
internal lymphoid organs
thymus bone marrow spleen lymph nodes
40
surface lymphoid organs
salivary glands respiratory tract mammary glands intestine urogenital system
41
thymic hormones important for T cell production
thymosins thymopoietins thymic humoral factor thymulin thymostimulins
42
effect of thymectomy
affects cellular immune response
43
effect of bursectomy
affects antibody immune response
44
high endothelial venule (HEV) in the lymph node
responsible for lymphocyte recruitment
45
lymph node cortex is rich in \_\_\_ lymph node paracortex is rich in \_\_\_
B cells T cells
46
white pulp in spleen is rich in
mainly B cells
47
immune response to injected antigen
occurs in secondary lymphoid organs during primary immune response occurs in primary lymphoid organs during secondary immune response (primary response developed memory)
48
mucus associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
unencapsulated lymphoid tissue found in various mucosal membranes
49
how does particle size influence site of deposition within the respiratory tract
directly - smaller particles make it further
50
ciliary dyskinesia
impaired movement of cilia - makes more susceptible to URIs
51
innate immunity - chemical factors - **fatty acids**
on skin mainly found in sweat; inhibit bacterial growth
52
innate immunity - chemical factors - **lysozyme and phospholipase**
found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions; inhibit bacterial growth
53
innate immunity - chemical factors - **low pH**
found in sweat, gastric juices - antibacterial effects
54
innate immunity - chemical factors - **surfactants**
opsonins in lungs; enhance phagocytosis
55
sebum
origin sweat glands; water repellant and acidic
56
defensins and cathelicidins
+ charged proteins insert into - charged microbial membranes and punch holes – causes an osmotic imbalance and cell lysis
57
lactoferrin
origin milk; inhibits bacterial growth by sequestering iron
58
lactoperoxidase
generate reactive oxygen compounds that damage microbes
59
commensal bacteria
compete with pathogens for resources and are present in the GIT, respiratory, reproduction and skin influence intestine development and adaptive immune response
60
first line of defense, normally in blood circulation
neutrophils
61
stages of neutrophil adhesion and migration
rolling - adherence - emigration - chemotaxis
62
chemokines function
trigger movement of neutrophils by chemotaxis
63
chemokines
CXCL-8 (IL-8), C5A, B4 (leukotriene); must be present in [high]
64
what signals the release of selectin and integrin (for neutrophil rolling)
PAMPs and DAMPs
65
opsonins - enhance phagocytosis by binding around pathogen
mannose binding lectin fibronectin complement antibodies
66
neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)
extension of cell membrane rich in DNA, histones and enzymes; can kill larger microorganisms
67
ROS
hypochlorite hydrogen peroxide superoxide singlet oxygen
68
neutrophils produce
lysozymes defensins lactoferrin colagenase gelatinase elastase cathepsin B B-glucoronidase myeloperoxidase
69
collagenase, gelatinase and elastase
degrade bacteria and tissues
70
elastase, cathepsin B and B-glucoronidase
activate TNF-a, degrade connective tissue and are bactericidal
71
neutrophil receptors (CDs)
complements antibodies cell adhesion
72
macrophages produce
cytokines and chemokines
73
pro-inflammatory cytokines
IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a
74
reactive nitrogen species (RNS)
nitrogen dioxide nitrate dinitrogen tetroxide nitryl chloride
75
effect of RNS
degradation/mutation of pathogen DNA
76
enzyme for RNS
nitric oxide synthase 2 (with arginine)
77
macrophage polarization - classical activation
M1 cells, host defense, inflammation
78
macrophage polarization - alternative activation
M2 cells, suppress inflammation, tissue repair
79
M1 cells activated by
IFN-y
80
M2 cells activated by
IL-4, IL-10, IL-13
81
what signal causes M2 cells to remove dying neutrophils
failure for CD31 interaction
82
precursor to granulomas
fibrosis due to fibroblast accumulation during persistent infection
83
first line of defense against viruses
NK cells
84
NK cells can recognize
virus infected cells tumor cells MHC class I molecules stressed cells parasitic worms bacteria without prior activation
85
NK cells produce
IFN-y
86
NK cell activation triggered by
failure to express MHC class 1 molecules expression of stress related molecules presence of antibodies
87
NK cell receptors
killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) Ly49 NKG2D receptor Fc receptor
88
stress molecules
MICA MICB
89
KIR cells
bind to MHC on target cell; inhibition
90
Ly49 receptor
binds to MHC; inhibition or activation
91
NKG2D receptor
binds to stress molecules; activation (destruction)
92
Fc receptor
binds to Ab on target cell; activation
93
antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
lysis of target cell with Ab
94
Ly49 may be replaced with
KIR receptors
95
types of receptors on NK cells
adhesion integrins chemokine cytokine regulatory inhibitory activating
96
pattern recognition receptor (PRR) functions
proinflammatory signals cytokine release phagocytosis
97
PRR receptor families
TLRs NLRs RLRs
98
PAMPS that TLRs recognize
LPS peptidoglycans bacterial DNA/RNA flagellin profilin-like protein
99
TLRs
transmembrane protein expressed in sentinel cells, external epithelium and intracellular endosomal membrane
100
NLRs
cytosol receptors, not membrane bound NOD1, NOD2 initiate signaling cascades that result in NF-KB – expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines
101
RLRs
intracellular, detect viral RNA activation of NF-KB and type 1 interferon expression
102
inflammasome
activated by TLRs and NLRs activates pro-inflammatory cytokines
103
phagocyte receptor
mannose receptor
104
DAMPs release
pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a and IL-8) when cells die by necrosis or cell injury
105
how does shock occur
high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines
106
TNF-a produced by
macrophages monocytes T cells mast cells
107
TNF-a functions
promotes inflammation activates cells enhances fibroblast/collagen growth toxic effects
108
IL-1 functions
promotes inflammation affects metabolism, blood flow, cell growth, leukocytes, **the brain** kills tumor cells
109
IL-6 produced by
muscle during exercise
110
IL-6 functions
stimulates T and B cells fever antiinflammatory acute phase response of hepatocytes
111
vasoactive amines
histamine - vasodilation serotonin - vasoconstriction/vasodilation
112
vasoactive peptides
C5a - chemotactic
113
vasoactive lipids
sentinel cells - leukotrienes, prostaglandins
114
fever caused by
hypothalamus prostaglandins and inflammatory cytokines
115
effects of acute inflammation on vasculature
decreased blood velocity at venous end - increased filtration, edema
116
systemic effects of acute inflammation
anorexia altered sleep patterns lethargy ``` cachexia (muscle loss) hemodynamic changes (shock) ``` fever leukocytosis metabolic acidosis

immunology (2 decks)

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